Python/maths/binary_exponentiation_3.py

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"""
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* Binary Exponentiation for Powers
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* This is a method to find a^b in a time complexity of O(log b)
* This is one of the most commonly used methods of finding powers.
* Also useful in cases where solution to (a^b)%c is required,
* where a,b,c can be numbers over the computers calculation limits.
* Done using iteration, can also be done using recursion
* @author chinmoy159
* @version 1.0 dated 10/08/2017
"""
def b_expo(a: int, b: int) -> int:
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res = 1
while b > 0:
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if b & 1:
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res *= a
a *= a
b >>= 1
return res
def b_expo_mod(a: int, b: int, c: int) -> int:
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res = 1
while b > 0:
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if b & 1:
res = ((res % c) * (a % c)) % c
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a *= a
b >>= 1
return res
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"""
* Wondering how this method works !
* It's pretty simple.
* Let's say you need to calculate a ^ b
* RULE 1 : a ^ b = (a*a) ^ (b/2) ---- example : 4 ^ 4 = (4*4) ^ (4/2) = 16 ^ 2
* RULE 2 : IF b is ODD, then ---- a ^ b = a * (a ^ (b - 1)) :: where (b - 1) is even.
* Once b is even, repeat the process to get a ^ b
* Repeat the process till b = 1 OR b = 0, because a^1 = a AND a^0 = 1
*
* As far as the modulo is concerned,
* the fact : (a*b) % c = ((a%c) * (b%c)) % c
* Now apply RULE 1 OR 2 whichever is required.
"""