Python/electronics/charging_capacitor.py

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# source - The ARRL Handbook for Radio Communications
# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC_time_constant
"""
Description
-----------
When a capacitor is connected with a potential source (AC or DC). It starts to charge
at a general speed but when a resistor is connected in the circuit with in series to
a capacitor then the capacitor charges slowly means it will take more time than usual.
while the capacitor is being charged, the voltage is in exponential function with time.
'resistance(ohms) * capacitance(farads)' is called RC-timeconstant which may also be
represented as τ (tau). By using this RC-timeconstant we can find the voltage at any
time 't' from the initiation of charging a capacitor with the help of the exponential
function containing RC. Both at charging and discharging of a capacitor.
"""
from math import exp # value of exp = 2.718281828459…
def charging_capacitor(
source_voltage: float, # voltage in volts.
resistance: float, # resistance in ohms.
capacitance: float, # capacitance in farads.
time_sec: float, # time in seconds after charging initiation of capacitor.
) -> float:
"""
Find capacitor voltage at any nth second after initiating its charging.
Examples
--------
>>> charging_capacitor(source_voltage=.2,resistance=.9,capacitance=8.4,time_sec=.5)
0.013
>>> charging_capacitor(source_voltage=2.2,resistance=3.5,capacitance=2.4,time_sec=9)
1.446
>>> charging_capacitor(source_voltage=15,resistance=200,capacitance=20,time_sec=2)
0.007
>>> charging_capacitor(20, 2000, 30*pow(10,-5), 4)
19.975
>>> charging_capacitor(source_voltage=0,resistance=10.0,capacitance=.30,time_sec=3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Source voltage must be positive.
>>> charging_capacitor(source_voltage=20,resistance=-2000,capacitance=30,time_sec=4)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Resistance must be positive.
>>> charging_capacitor(source_voltage=30,resistance=1500,capacitance=0,time_sec=4)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Capacitance must be positive.
"""
if source_voltage <= 0:
raise ValueError("Source voltage must be positive.")
if resistance <= 0:
raise ValueError("Resistance must be positive.")
if capacitance <= 0:
raise ValueError("Capacitance must be positive.")
return round(source_voltage * (1 - exp(-time_sec / (resistance * capacitance))), 3)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()