Python/project_euler/problem_072/sol1.py

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"""
Problem 72 Counting fractions: https://projecteuler.net/problem=72
Description:
Consider the fraction, n/d, where n and d are positive integers. If n<d and HCF(n,d)=1,
it is called a reduced proper fraction.
If we list the set of reduced proper fractions for d 8 in ascending order of size, we
get: 1/8, 1/7, 1/6, 1/5, 1/4, 2/7, 1/3, 3/8, 2/5, 3/7, 1/2, 4/7, 3/5, 5/8, 2/3, 5/7,
3/4, 4/5, 5/6, 6/7, 7/8
It can be seen that there are 21 elements in this set.
How many elements would be contained in the set of reduced proper fractions for
d 1,000,000?
Solution:
Number of numbers between 1 and n that are coprime to n is given by the Euler's Totient
function, phi(n). So, the answer is simply the sum of phi(n) for 2 <= n <= 1,000,000
Sum of phi(d), for all d|n = n. This result can be used to find phi(n) using a sieve.
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Time: 1 sec
"""
def solution(limit: int = 1_000_000) -> int:
"""
Returns an integer, the solution to the problem
>>> solution(10)
31
>>> solution(100)
3043
>>> solution(1_000)
304191
"""
phi = [i - 1 for i in range(limit + 1)]
for i in range(2, limit + 1):
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if phi[i] == i - 1:
for j in range(2 * i, limit + 1, i):
phi[j] -= phi[j] // i
return sum(phi[2 : limit + 1])
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(solution())