Add DocTests to is_palindrome.py (#10081)

* add doctest ut

* test complete

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* format

* ruff update

* cover line 154

* Update data_structures/linked_list/is_palindrome.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* use dataclass

* pre-commit fix

* Fix mypy errors

* use future annotations

---------

Co-authored-by: Harsha Kottapalli <skottapalli@microsoft.com>
Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

data_structures/linked_list/is_palindrome.py

@@ -1,65 +1,167 @@
-def is_palindrome(head):
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+
+@dataclass
+class ListNode:
+    val: int = 0
+    next_node: ListNode | None = None
+
+
+def is_palindrome(head: ListNode | None) -> bool:
+    """
+    Check if a linked list is a palindrome.
+
+    Args:
+        head: The head of the linked list.
+
+    Returns:
+        bool: True if the linked list is a palindrome, False otherwise.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> is_palindrome(None)
+        True
+
+        >>> is_palindrome(ListNode(1))
+        True
+
+        >>> is_palindrome(ListNode(1, ListNode(2)))
+        False
+
+        >>> is_palindrome(ListNode(1, ListNode(2, ListNode(1))))
+        True
+
+        >>> is_palindrome(ListNode(1, ListNode(2, ListNode(2, ListNode(1)))))
+        True
+    """
     if not head:
         return True
     # split the list to two parts
-    fast, slow = head.next, head
-    while fast and fast.next:
-        fast = fast.next.next
-        slow = slow.next
-    second = slow.next
-    slow.next = None  # Don't forget here! But forget still works!
+    fast: ListNode | None = head.next_node
+    slow: ListNode | None = head
+    while fast and fast.next_node:
+        fast = fast.next_node.next_node
+        slow = slow.next_node if slow else None
+    if slow:
+        # slow will always be defined,
+        # adding this check to resolve mypy static check
+        second = slow.next_node
+        slow.next_node = None  # Don't forget here! But forget still works!
     # reverse the second part
-    node = None
+    node: ListNode | None = None
     while second:
-        nxt = second.next
-        second.next = node
+        nxt = second.next_node
+        second.next_node = node
         node = second
         second = nxt
     # compare two parts
     # second part has the same or one less node
-    while node:
+    while node and head:
         if node.val != head.val:
             return False
-        node = node.next
-        head = head.next
+        node = node.next_node
+        head = head.next_node
     return True
 
 
-def is_palindrome_stack(head):
-    if not head or not head.next:
+def is_palindrome_stack(head: ListNode | None) -> bool:
+    """
+    Check if a linked list is a palindrome using a stack.
+
+    Args:
+        head (ListNode): The head of the linked list.
+
+    Returns:
+        bool: True if the linked list is a palindrome, False otherwise.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> is_palindrome_stack(None)
+        True
+
+        >>> is_palindrome_stack(ListNode(1))
+        True
+
+        >>> is_palindrome_stack(ListNode(1, ListNode(2)))
+        False
+
+        >>> is_palindrome_stack(ListNode(1, ListNode(2, ListNode(1))))
+        True
+
+        >>> is_palindrome_stack(ListNode(1, ListNode(2, ListNode(2, ListNode(1)))))
+        True
+    """
+    if not head or not head.next_node:
         return True
 
     # 1. Get the midpoint (slow)
-    slow = fast = cur = head
-    while fast and fast.next:
-        fast, slow = fast.next.next, slow.next
+    slow: ListNode | None = head
+    fast: ListNode | None = head
+    while fast and fast.next_node:
+        fast = fast.next_node.next_node
+        slow = slow.next_node if slow else None
 
-    # 2. Push the second half into the stack
-    stack = [slow.val]
-    while slow.next:
-        slow = slow.next
-        stack.append(slow.val)
+    # slow will always be defined,
+    # adding this check to resolve mypy static check
+    if slow:
+        stack = [slow.val]
 
-    # 3. Comparison
-    while stack:
-        if stack.pop() != cur.val:
-            return False
-        cur = cur.next
+        # 2. Push the second half into the stack
+        while slow.next_node:
+            slow = slow.next_node
+            stack.append(slow.val)
+
+        # 3. Comparison
+        cur: ListNode | None = head
+        while stack and cur:
+            if stack.pop() != cur.val:
+                return False
+            cur = cur.next_node
 
     return True
 
 
-def is_palindrome_dict(head):
-    if not head or not head.next:
+def is_palindrome_dict(head: ListNode | None) -> bool:
+    """
+    Check if a linked list is a palindrome using a dictionary.
+
+    Args:
+        head (ListNode): The head of the linked list.
+
+    Returns:
+        bool: True if the linked list is a palindrome, False otherwise.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> is_palindrome_dict(None)
+        True
+
+        >>> is_palindrome_dict(ListNode(1))
+        True
+
+        >>> is_palindrome_dict(ListNode(1, ListNode(2)))
+        False
+
+        >>> is_palindrome_dict(ListNode(1, ListNode(2, ListNode(1))))
+        True
+
+        >>> is_palindrome_dict(ListNode(1, ListNode(2, ListNode(2, ListNode(1)))))
+        True
+
+        >>> is_palindrome_dict(\
+            ListNode(\
+                1, ListNode(2, ListNode(1, ListNode(3, ListNode(2, ListNode(1)))))))
+        False
+    """
+    if not head or not head.next_node:
         return True
-    d = {}
+    d: dict[int, list[int]] = {}
     pos = 0
     while head:
         if head.val in d:
             d[head.val].append(pos)
         else:
             d[head.val] = [pos]
-        head = head.next
+        head = head.next_node
         pos += 1
     checksum = pos - 1
     middle = 0
@@ -75,3 +177,9 @@ def is_palindrome_dict(head):
         if middle > 1:
             return False
     return True
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import doctest
+
+    doctest.testmod()