diff --git a/ciphers/elgamal_key_generator.py b/ciphers/elgamal_key_generator.py
index f557b0e0d..485b77595 100644
--- a/ciphers/elgamal_key_generator.py
+++ b/ciphers/elgamal_key_generator.py
@@ -38,9 +38,7 @@ def generate_key(key_size: int) -> tuple[tuple[int, int, int, int], tuple[int, i
 
 
 def make_key_files(name: str, keySize: int) -> None:
-    if os.path.exists("%s_pubkey.txt" % name) or os.path.exists(
-        "%s_privkey.txt" % name
-    ):
+    if os.path.exists(f"{name}_pubkey.txt") or os.path.exists(f"{name}_privkey.txt"):
         print("\nWARNING:")
         print(
             '"%s_pubkey.txt" or "%s_privkey.txt" already exists. \n'
@@ -50,14 +48,14 @@ def make_key_files(name: str, keySize: int) -> None:
         sys.exit()
 
     publicKey, privateKey = generate_key(keySize)
-    print("\nWriting public key to file %s_pubkey.txt..." % name)
-    with open("%s_pubkey.txt" % name, "w") as fo:
+    print(f"\nWriting public key to file {name}_pubkey.txt...")
+    with open(f"{name}_pubkey.txt", "w") as fo:
         fo.write(
             "%d,%d,%d,%d" % (publicKey[0], publicKey[1], publicKey[2], publicKey[3])
         )
 
-    print("Writing private key to file %s_privkey.txt..." % name)
-    with open("%s_privkey.txt" % name, "w") as fo:
+    print(f"Writing private key to file {name}_privkey.txt...")
+    with open(f"{name}_privkey.txt", "w") as fo:
         fo.write("%d,%d" % (privateKey[0], privateKey[1]))
 
 
diff --git a/ciphers/rsa_cipher.py b/ciphers/rsa_cipher.py
index 5bb9f9916..c6bfaa0fb 100644
--- a/ciphers/rsa_cipher.py
+++ b/ciphers/rsa_cipher.py
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ def main() -> None:
 
         message = input("\nEnter message: ")
         pubkey_filename = "rsa_pubkey.txt"
-        print("Encrypting and writing to %s..." % (filename))
+        print(f"Encrypting and writing to {filename}...")
         encryptedText = encrypt_and_write_to_file(filename, pubkey_filename, message)
 
         print("\nEncrypted text:")
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ def main() -> None:
 
     elif mode == "decrypt":
         privkey_filename = "rsa_privkey.txt"
-        print("Reading from %s and decrypting..." % (filename))
+        print(f"Reading from {filename} and decrypting...")
         decrypted_text = read_from_file_and_decrypt(filename, privkey_filename)
         print("writing decryption to rsa_decryption.txt...")
         with open("rsa_decryption.txt", "w") as dec:
diff --git a/ciphers/rsa_key_generator.py b/ciphers/rsa_key_generator.py
index 584066d89..d983c14f1 100644
--- a/ciphers/rsa_key_generator.py
+++ b/ciphers/rsa_key_generator.py
@@ -34,9 +34,7 @@ def generateKey(keySize: int) -> tuple[tuple[int, int], tuple[int, int]]:
 
 
 def makeKeyFiles(name: str, keySize: int) -> None:
-    if os.path.exists("%s_pubkey.txt" % (name)) or os.path.exists(
-        "%s_privkey.txt" % (name)
-    ):
+    if os.path.exists(f"{name}_pubkey.txt") or os.path.exists(f"{name}_privkey.txt"):
         print("\nWARNING:")
         print(
             '"%s_pubkey.txt" or "%s_privkey.txt" already exists. \n'
@@ -46,12 +44,12 @@ def makeKeyFiles(name: str, keySize: int) -> None:
         sys.exit()
 
     publicKey, privateKey = generateKey(keySize)
-    print("\nWriting public key to file %s_pubkey.txt..." % name)
-    with open("%s_pubkey.txt" % name, "w") as out_file:
+    print(f"\nWriting public key to file {name}_pubkey.txt...")
+    with open(f"{name}_pubkey.txt", "w") as out_file:
         out_file.write(f"{keySize},{publicKey[0]},{publicKey[1]}")
 
-    print("Writing private key to file %s_privkey.txt..." % name)
-    with open("%s_privkey.txt" % name, "w") as out_file:
+    print(f"Writing private key to file {name}_privkey.txt...")
+    with open(f"{name}_privkey.txt", "w") as out_file:
         out_file.write(f"{keySize},{privateKey[0]},{privateKey[1]}")
 
 
diff --git a/ciphers/transposition_cipher.py b/ciphers/transposition_cipher.py
index 589bb8cb5..ed9923a6b 100644
--- a/ciphers/transposition_cipher.py
+++ b/ciphers/transposition_cipher.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ text. The type of transposition cipher demonstrated under is the ROUTE cipher.
 
 def main() -> None:
     message = input("Enter message: ")
-    key = int(input("Enter key [2-%s]: " % (len(message) - 1)))
+    key = int(input(f"Enter key [2-{len(message) - 1}]: "))
     mode = input("Encryption/Decryption [e/d]: ")
 
     if mode.lower().startswith("e"):
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ def main() -> None:
         text = decryptMessage(key, message)
 
     # Append pipe symbol (vertical bar) to identify spaces at the end.
-    print("Output:\n%s" % (text + "|"))
+    print(f"Output:\n{text + '|'}")
 
 
 def encryptMessage(key: int, message: str) -> str:
diff --git a/ciphers/transposition_cipher_encrypt_decrypt_file.py b/ciphers/transposition_cipher_encrypt_decrypt_file.py
index b91c73c9f..926a1b36a 100644
--- a/ciphers/transposition_cipher_encrypt_decrypt_file.py
+++ b/ciphers/transposition_cipher_encrypt_decrypt_file.py
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ def main() -> None:
     mode = input("Encrypt/Decrypt [e/d]: ")
 
     if not os.path.exists(inputFile):
-        print("File %s does not exist. Quitting..." % inputFile)
+        print(f"File {inputFile} does not exist. Quitting...")
         sys.exit()
     if os.path.exists(outputFile):
-        print("Overwrite %s? [y/n]" % outputFile)
+        print(f"Overwrite {outputFile}? [y/n]")
         response = input("> ")
         if not response.lower().startswith("y"):
             sys.exit()
diff --git a/ciphers/vigenere_cipher.py b/ciphers/vigenere_cipher.py
index d97a96949..2e3987708 100644
--- a/ciphers/vigenere_cipher.py
+++ b/ciphers/vigenere_cipher.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ def main() -> None:
         mode = "decrypt"
         translated = decryptMessage(key, message)
 
-    print("\n%sed message:" % mode.title())
+    print(f"\n{mode.title()}ed message:")
     print(translated)
 
 
diff --git a/data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py b/data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py
index ce490fd98..b9af23dc8 100644
--- a/data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py
+++ b/data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class Node:
 
         if self.left is None and self.right is None:
             return str(self.value)
-        return pformat({"%s" % (self.value): (self.left, self.right)}, indent=1)
+        return pformat({f"{self.value}": (self.left, self.right)}, indent=1)
 
 
 class BinarySearchTree:
diff --git a/hashes/chaos_machine.py b/hashes/chaos_machine.py
index 7ad3e5540..a6d476eb7 100644
--- a/hashes/chaos_machine.py
+++ b/hashes/chaos_machine.py
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
 
     # Pulling Data (Output)
     while inp in ("e", "E"):
-        print("%s" % format(pull(), "#04x"))
+        print(f"{format(pull(), '#04x')}")
         print(buffer_space)
         print(params_space)
         inp = input("(e)exit? ").strip()
diff --git a/machine_learning/gradient_boosting_regressor.py b/machine_learning/gradient_boosting_regressor.py
index 0aa0e7a10..c73e30680 100644
--- a/machine_learning/gradient_boosting_regressor.py
+++ b/machine_learning/gradient_boosting_regressor.py
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ def main():
     y_pred = model.predict(X_test)
 
     # The mean squared error
-    print("Mean squared error: %.2f" % mean_squared_error(y_test, y_pred))
+    print(f"Mean squared error: {mean_squared_error(y_test, y_pred):.2f}")
     # Explained variance score: 1 is perfect prediction
-    print("Test Variance score: %.2f" % r2_score(y_test, y_pred))
+    print(f"Test Variance score: {r2_score(y_test, y_pred):.2f}")
 
     # So let's run the model against the test data
     fig, ax = plt.subplots()
diff --git a/machine_learning/k_means_clust.py b/machine_learning/k_means_clust.py
index 10c9374d8..60450b7f8 100644
--- a/machine_learning/k_means_clust.py
+++ b/machine_learning/k_means_clust.py
@@ -164,9 +164,7 @@ def kmeans(
             num_changed = np.sum(prev_cluster_assignment != cluster_assignment)
             if verbose:
                 print(
-                    "    {:5d} elements changed their cluster assignment.".format(
-                        num_changed
-                    )
+                    f"    {num_changed:5d} elements changed their cluster assignment."
                 )
 
         # Record heterogeneity convergence metric
diff --git a/machine_learning/linear_regression.py b/machine_learning/linear_regression.py
index b0bbc7b90..85fdfb000 100644
--- a/machine_learning/linear_regression.py
+++ b/machine_learning/linear_regression.py
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ def main():
     len_result = theta.shape[1]
     print("Resultant Feature vector : ")
     for i in range(0, len_result):
-        print("%.5f" % (theta[0, i]))
+        print(f"{theta[0, i]:.5f}")
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
diff --git a/matrix/sherman_morrison.py b/matrix/sherman_morrison.py
index 3466b3d4a..63783c8b4 100644
--- a/matrix/sherman_morrison.py
+++ b/matrix/sherman_morrison.py
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         v[0, 0], v[1, 0], v[2, 0] = 4, -2, 5
         print(f"u is {u}")
         print(f"v is {v}")
-        print("uv^T is %s" % (u * v.transpose()))
+        print(f"uv^T is {u * v.transpose()}")
         # Sherman Morrison
         print(f"(a + uv^T)^(-1) is {ainv.ShermanMorrison(u, v)}")
 
diff --git a/neural_network/convolution_neural_network.py b/neural_network/convolution_neural_network.py
index d82148802..e3993efb4 100644
--- a/neural_network/convolution_neural_network.py
+++ b/neural_network/convolution_neural_network.py
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class CNN:
         with open(save_path, "wb") as f:
             pickle.dump(model_dic, f)
 
-        print("Model saved： %s" % save_path)
+        print(f"Model saved： {save_path}")
 
     @classmethod
     def ReadModel(cls, model_path):
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ class CNN:
             plt.show()
 
         print("------------------Training Complished---------------------")
-        print((" - - Training epoch: ", rp, "     - - Mse: %.6f" % mse))
+        print((" - - Training epoch: ", rp, f"     - - Mse: {mse:.6f}"))
         if draw_e:
             draw_error()
         return mse
diff --git a/other/lru_cache.py b/other/lru_cache.py
index 98051f89d..834ea52a9 100644
--- a/other/lru_cache.py
+++ b/other/lru_cache.py
@@ -21,8 +21,9 @@ class DoubleLinkedListNode(Generic[T, U]):
         self.prev: DoubleLinkedListNode[T, U] | None = None
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return "Node: key: {}, val: {}, has next: {}, has prev: {}".format(
-            self.key, self.val, self.next is not None, self.prev is not None
+        return (
+            f"Node: key: {self.key}, val: {self.val}, "
+            f"has next: {bool(self.next)}, has prev: {bool(self.prev)}"
         )
 
 
diff --git a/other/scoring_algorithm.py b/other/scoring_algorithm.py
index cc1744012..aecd19c55 100644
--- a/other/scoring_algorithm.py
+++ b/other/scoring_algorithm.py
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ def procentual_proximity(
 
         # weight not 0 or 1
         else:
-            raise ValueError("Invalid weight of %f provided" % (weight))
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid weight of {weight:f} provided")
 
         score_lists.append(score)
 
diff --git a/scheduling/shortest_job_first.py b/scheduling/shortest_job_first.py
index 9372e9dbc..b3f81bfd1 100644
--- a/scheduling/shortest_job_first.py
+++ b/scheduling/shortest_job_first.py
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ def calculate_average_times(
     for i in range(no_of_processes):
         total_waiting_time = total_waiting_time + waiting_time[i]
         total_turn_around_time = total_turn_around_time + turn_around_time[i]
-    print("Average waiting time = %.5f" % (total_waiting_time / no_of_processes))
+    print(f"Average waiting time = {total_waiting_time / no_of_processes:.5f}")
     print("Average turn around time =", total_turn_around_time / no_of_processes)
 
 
diff --git a/searches/binary_tree_traversal.py b/searches/binary_tree_traversal.py
index f919a2962..033db83d7 100644
--- a/searches/binary_tree_traversal.py
+++ b/searches/binary_tree_traversal.py
@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@ def build_tree():
     q.put(tree_node)
     while not q.empty():
         node_found = q.get()
-        msg = "Enter the left node of %s: " % node_found.data
+        msg = f"Enter the left node of {node_found.data}: "
         check = input(msg).strip().lower() or "n"
         if check == "n":
             return tree_node
         left_node = TreeNode(int(check))
         node_found.left = left_node
         q.put(left_node)
-        msg = "Enter the right node of %s: " % node_found.data
+        msg = f"Enter the right node of {node_found.data}: "
         check = input(msg).strip().lower() or "n"
         if check == "n":
             return tree_node
diff --git a/strings/min_cost_string_conversion.py b/strings/min_cost_string_conversion.py
index 147bc6fc7..089c2532f 100644
--- a/strings/min_cost_string_conversion.py
+++ b/strings/min_cost_string_conversion.py
@@ -31,28 +31,28 @@ def compute_transform_tables(
 
     for i in range(1, len_source_seq + 1):
         costs[i][0] = i * delete_cost
-        ops[i][0] = "D%c" % source_seq[i - 1]
+        ops[i][0] = f"D{source_seq[i - 1]:c}"
 
     for i in range(1, len_destination_seq + 1):
         costs[0][i] = i * insert_cost
-        ops[0][i] = "I%c" % destination_seq[i - 1]
+        ops[0][i] = f"I{destination_seq[i - 1]:c}"
 
     for i in range(1, len_source_seq + 1):
         for j in range(1, len_destination_seq + 1):
             if source_seq[i - 1] == destination_seq[j - 1]:
                 costs[i][j] = costs[i - 1][j - 1] + copy_cost
-                ops[i][j] = "C%c" % source_seq[i - 1]
+                ops[i][j] = f"C{source_seq[i - 1]:c}"
             else:
                 costs[i][j] = costs[i - 1][j - 1] + replace_cost
-                ops[i][j] = "R%c" % source_seq[i - 1] + str(destination_seq[j - 1])
+                ops[i][j] = f"R{source_seq[i - 1]:c}" + str(destination_seq[j - 1])
 
             if costs[i - 1][j] + delete_cost < costs[i][j]:
                 costs[i][j] = costs[i - 1][j] + delete_cost
-                ops[i][j] = "D%c" % source_seq[i - 1]
+                ops[i][j] = f"D{source_seq[i - 1]:c}"
 
             if costs[i][j - 1] + insert_cost < costs[i][j]:
                 costs[i][j] = costs[i][j - 1] + insert_cost
-                ops[i][j] = "I%c" % destination_seq[j - 1]
+                ops[i][j] = f"I{destination_seq[j - 1]:c}"
 
     return costs, ops