Simplify code by dropping support for legacy Python (#1143)

* Simplify code by dropping support for legacy Python

* sort() --> sorted()

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ We want your work to be readable by others; therefore, we encourage you to note
   ```python
   input('Enter your input:')
   # Or even worse...
-  input = eval(raw_input("Enter your input: "))
+  input = eval(input("Enter your input: "))
   ```
 
   However, if your code uses __input()__ then we encourage you to gracefully deal with leading and trailing whitespace in user input by adding __.strip()__ to the end as in:
@@ -99,11 +99,11 @@ We want your work to be readable by others; therefore, we encourage you to note
   def sumab(a, b):
       return a + b
   # Write tests this way:
-  print(sumab(1,2))	# 1+2 = 3
+  print(sumab(1, 2))	# 1+2 = 3
-  print(sumab(6,4))	# 6+4 = 10
+  print(sumab(6, 4))	# 6+4 = 10
   # Or this way:
-  print("1 + 2 = ", sumab(1,2))	# 1+2 = 3
+  print("1 + 2 = ", sumab(1, 2))	# 1+2 = 3
-  print("6 + 4 = ", sumab(6,4))	# 6+4 = 10
+  print("6 + 4 = ", sumab(6, 4))	# 6+4 = 10
   ```
 
   Better yet, if you know how to write [__doctests__](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html), please consider adding them.

ciphers/affine_cipher.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 import sys, random, cryptomath_module as cryptoMath
 
 SYMBOLS = r""" !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~"""

ciphers/atbash.py

@@ -1,23 +1,15 @@
-try:               # Python 2
+def atbash():
-    raw_input
-    unichr
-except NameError:  # Python 3
-    raw_input = input
-    unichr = chr
-
-
-def Atbash():
     output=""
-    for i in raw_input("Enter the sentence to be encrypted ").strip():
+    for i in input("Enter the sentence to be encrypted ").strip():
         extract = ord(i)
         if 65 <= extract <= 90:
-            output += unichr(155-extract)
+            output += chr(155-extract)
         elif 97 <= extract <= 122:
-            output += unichr(219-extract)
+            output += chr(219-extract)
         else:
-            output+=i
+            output += i
     print(output)
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
-    Atbash()
+    atbash()

ciphers/brute_force_caesar_cipher.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 def decrypt(message):
     """
     >>> decrypt('TMDETUX PMDVU')

ciphers/onepad_cipher.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
-
 import random
 
 

ciphers/rabin_miller.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 # Primality Testing with the Rabin-Miller Algorithm
 
 import random

ciphers/rot13.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 def dencrypt(s, n):
     out = ''
     for c in s:

ciphers/rsa_cipher.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 import sys, rsa_key_generator as rkg, os
 
 DEFAULT_BLOCK_SIZE = 128

ciphers/rsa_key_generator.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 import random, sys, os
 import rabin_miller as rabinMiller, cryptomath_module as cryptoMath
 

ciphers/simple_substitution_cipher.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 import sys, random
 
 LETTERS = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'

ciphers/transposition_cipher.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 import math
 
 def main():

ciphers/transposition_cipher_encrypt_decrypt_file.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 import time, os, sys
 import transposition_cipher as transCipher
 

ciphers/vigenere_cipher.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 LETTERS = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
 
 def main():

data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 '''
 A binary search Tree
 '''
-from __future__ import print_function
 class Node:
 
     def __init__(self, label, parent):

data_structures/binary_tree/fenwick_tree.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 class FenwickTree:
 
     def __init__(self, SIZE): # create fenwick tree with size SIZE

data_structures/binary_tree/lazy_segment_tree.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 import math
 
 class SegmentTree:

data_structures/binary_tree/segment_tree.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 import math
 
 class SegmentTree:

data_structures/heap/heap.py

@@ -1,15 +1,8 @@
 #!/usr/bin/python
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division
+# This heap class start from here.
-
-try:
-    raw_input          # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    raw_input = input  # Python 3
-
-#This heap class start from here.
 class Heap:
-	def __init__(self): #Default constructor of heap class.
+	def __init__(self): # Default constructor of heap class.
 	    self.h = []
 	    self.currsize = 0
 
@@ -79,7 +72,7 @@ class Heap:
 		print(self.h)
 
 def main():
-	l = list(map(int, raw_input().split()))
+	l = list(map(int, input().split()))
 	h = Heap()
 	h.buildHeap(l)
 	h.heapSort()

data_structures/linked_list/doubly_linked_list.py

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 - Each link references the next link and the previous one.
 - A Doubly Linked List (DLL) contains an extra pointer, typically called previous pointer, together with next pointer and data which are there in singly linked list.
  - Advantages over SLL - IT can be traversed in both forward and backward direction.,Delete operation is more efficent'''
-from __future__ import print_function
 
 
 class LinkedList:           #making main class named linked list

data_structures/linked_list/singly_linked_list.py

@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-
 class Node:  # create a Node
     def __init__(self, data):
         self.data = data  # given data

data_structures/queue/double_ended_queue.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 # Python code to demonstrate working of
 # extend(), extendleft(), rotate(), reverse()
 

data_structures/stacks/balanced_parentheses.py

@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-
 from .stack import Stack
 
 __author__ = 'Omkar Pathak'

data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import absolute_import
 import string
 
 from .stack import Stack

data_structures/stacks/next_greater_element.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 # Function to print element and NGE pair for all elements of list
 def printNGE(arr):
 

data_structures/stacks/stack.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 __author__ = 'Omkar Pathak'
 
 

data_structures/stacks/stock_span_problem.py

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ The span Si of the stock's price on a given day i is defined as the maximum
 number of consecutive days just before the given day, for which the price of the stock
 on the current day is less than or equal to its price on the given day.
 '''
-from __future__ import print_function
 def calculateSpan(price, S):
 
     n = len(price)

divide_and_conquer/convex_hull.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, absolute_import, division
-
 from numbers import Number
 """
 The convex hull problem is problem of finding all the vertices of convex polygon, P of

divide_and_conquer/inversions.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, absolute_import, division
-
 """
 Given an array-like data structure A[1..n], how many pairs
 (i, j) for all 1 <= i < j <= n such that A[i] > A[j]? These pairs are

dynamic_programming/bitmask.py

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ Find the total no of ways in which the tasks can be distributed.
 
 
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
 from collections import defaultdict
 
 

dynamic_programming/coin_change.py

@@ -5,9 +5,6 @@ Can you determine number of ways of making change for n units using
 the given types of coins?
 https://www.hackerrank.com/challenges/coin-change/problem
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-
 def dp_count(S, m, n):
 
     # table[i] represents the number of ways to get to amount i

dynamic_programming/edit_distance.py

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ This is a pure Python implementation of Dynamic Programming solution to the edit
 The problem is :
 Given two strings A and B. Find the minimum number of operations to string B such that A = B. The permitted operations are removal,  insertion, and substitution.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
 
 
 class EditDistance:
@@ -82,21 +81,13 @@ def min_distance_bottom_up(word1: str, word2: str) -> int:
     return dp[m][n]
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
-        try:
-            raw_input          # Python 2
-        except NameError:
-            raw_input = input  # Python 3
-
         solver = EditDistance()
 
         print("****************** Testing Edit Distance DP Algorithm ******************")
         print()
 
-        print("Enter the first string: ", end="")
+        S1 = input("Enter the first string: ").strip()
-        S1 = raw_input().strip()
+        S2 = input("Enter the second string: ").strip()
-
-        print("Enter the second string: ", end="")
-        S2 = raw_input().strip()
 
         print()
         print("The minimum Edit Distance is: %d" % (solver.solve(S1, S2)))

dynamic_programming/fast_fibonacci.py

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 This program calculates the nth Fibonacci number in O(log(n)).
 It's possible to calculate F(1000000) in less than a second.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
 import sys
 
 

dynamic_programming/fibonacci.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 """
 This is a pure Python implementation of Dynamic Programming solution to the fibonacci sequence problem.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
 
 
 class Fibonacci:
@@ -29,21 +28,16 @@ class Fibonacci:
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     print("\n********* Fibonacci Series Using Dynamic Programming ************\n")
-    try:
-        raw_input          # Python 2
-    except NameError:
-        raw_input = input  # Python 3
-
     print("\n Enter the upper limit for the fibonacci sequence: ", end="")
     try:
-        N = eval(raw_input().strip())
+        N = int(input().strip())
         fib = Fibonacci(N)
         print(
-            "\n********* Enter different values to get the corresponding fibonacci sequence, enter any negative number to exit. ************\n")
+            "\n********* Enter different values to get the corresponding fibonacci "
+            "sequence, enter any negative number to exit. ************\n")
         while True:
-            print("Enter value: ", end=" ")
             try:
-                i = eval(raw_input().strip())
+                i = int(input("Enter value: ").strip())
                 if i < 0:
                     print("\n********* Good Bye!! ************\n")
                     break

dynamic_programming/integer_partition.py

@@ -1,27 +1,15 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-try:
-	xrange		#Python 2
-except NameError:
-	xrange = range	#Python 3
-
-try:
-	raw_input		#Python 2
-except NameError:
-	raw_input = input	#Python 3
-
 '''
 The number of partitions of a number n into at least k parts equals the number of partitions into exactly k parts
 plus the number of partitions into at least k-1 parts. Subtracting 1 from each part of a partition of n into k parts
 gives a partition of n-k into k parts. These two facts together are used for this algorithm.
 '''
 def partition(m):
-	memo = [[0 for _ in xrange(m)] for _ in xrange(m+1)]
+	memo = [[0 for _ in range(m)] for _ in range(m+1)]
-	for i in xrange(m+1):
+	for i in range(m+1):
 		memo[i][0] = 1
 
-	for n in xrange(m+1):
+	for n in range(m+1):
-		for k in xrange(1, m):
+		for k in range(1, m):
 			memo[n][k] += memo[n][k-1]
 			if n-k > 0:
 				memo[n][k] += memo[n-k-1][k]
@@ -33,7 +21,7 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
 
 	if len(sys.argv) == 1:
 		try:
-			n = int(raw_input('Enter a number: '))
+			n = int(input('Enter a number: ').strip())
 			print(partition(n))
 		except ValueError:
 			print('Please enter a number.')

dynamic_programming/longest_common_subsequence.py

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ LCS Problem Statement: Given two sequences, find the length of longest subsequen
 A subsequence is a sequence that appears in the same relative order, but not necessarily continuous.
 Example:"abc", "abg" are subsequences of "abcdefgh".
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
 
 
 def longest_common_subsequence(x: str, y: str):
@@ -80,4 +79,3 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
     assert expected_ln == ln
     assert expected_subseq == subseq
     print("len =", ln, ", sub-sequence =", subseq)
-

dynamic_programming/longest_increasing_subsequence.py

@@ -7,8 +7,6 @@ The problem is  :
 Given an ARRAY, to find the longest and increasing sub ARRAY in that given ARRAY and return it.
 Example: [10, 22, 9, 33, 21, 50, 41, 60, 80] as input will return [10, 22, 33, 41, 60, 80] as output
 '''
-from __future__ import print_function
-
 def longestSub(ARRAY): 			#This function is recursive
 
 	ARRAY_LENGTH = len(ARRAY)

dynamic_programming/longest_increasing_subsequence_o(nlogn).py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 #############################
 # Author: Aravind Kashyap
 # File: lis.py

dynamic_programming/longest_sub_array.py

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ This is a pure Python implementation of Dynamic Programming solution to the long
 The problem is  :
 Given an array, to find the longest and continuous sub array and get the max sum of the sub array in the given array.
 '''
-from __future__ import print_function
 
 
 class SubArray:

dynamic_programming/matrix_chain_order.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
-
 import sys
 '''
 Dynamic Programming

dynamic_programming/max_sub_array.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 """
 author : Mayank Kumar Jha (mk9440)
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
 from typing import List
 import time
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

graphs/a_star.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
-
 grid = [[0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0],
         [0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0],#0 are free path whereas 1's are obstacles
         [0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0],

graphs/basic_graphs.py

@@ -1,23 +1,10 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-try:
-    raw_input  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    raw_input = input  # Python 3
-
-try:
-    xrange  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    xrange = range  # Python 3
-
-
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     # Accept No. of Nodes and edges
-    n, m = map(int, raw_input().split(" "))
+    n, m = map(int, input().split(" "))
 
     # Initialising Dictionary of edges
     g = {}
-    for i in xrange(n):
+    for i in range(n):
         g[i + 1] = []
 
     """
@@ -25,8 +12,8 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         Accepting edges of Unweighted Directed Graphs
     ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
     """
-    for _ in xrange(m):
+    for _ in range(m):
-        x, y = map(int, raw_input().strip().split(" "))
+        x, y = map(int, input().strip().split(" "))
         g[x].append(y)
 
     """
@@ -34,8 +21,8 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         Accepting edges of Unweighted Undirected Graphs
     ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
     """
-    for _ in xrange(m):
+    for _ in range(m):
-        x, y = map(int, raw_input().strip().split(" "))
+        x, y = map(int, input().strip().split(" "))
         g[x].append(y)
         g[y].append(x)
 
@@ -44,8 +31,8 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         Accepting edges of Weighted Undirected Graphs
     ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
     """
-    for _ in xrange(m):
+    for _ in range(m):
-        x, y, r = map(int, raw_input().strip().split(" "))
+        x, y, r = map(int, input().strip().split(" "))
         g[x].append([y, r])
         g[y].append([x, r])
 
@@ -170,10 +157,10 @@ def topo(G, ind=None, Q=[1]):
 
 
 def adjm():
-    n = raw_input().strip()
+    n = input().strip()
     a = []
-    for i in xrange(n):
+    for i in range(n):
-        a.append(map(int, raw_input().strip().split()))
+        a.append(map(int, input().strip().split()))
     return a, n
 
 
@@ -193,10 +180,10 @@ def adjm():
 def floy(A_and_n):
     (A, n) = A_and_n
     dist = list(A)
-    path = [[0] * n for i in xrange(n)]
+    path = [[0] * n for i in range(n)]
-    for k in xrange(n):
+    for k in range(n):
-        for i in xrange(n):
+        for i in range(n):
-            for j in xrange(n):
+            for j in range(n):
                 if dist[i][j] > dist[i][k] + dist[k][j]:
                     dist[i][j] = dist[i][k] + dist[k][j]
                     path[i][k] = k
@@ -245,10 +232,10 @@ def prim(G, s):
 
 
 def edglist():
-    n, m = map(int, raw_input().split(" "))
+    n, m = map(int, input().split(" "))
     l = []
-    for i in xrange(m):
+    for i in range(m):
-        l.append(map(int, raw_input().split(' ')))
+        l.append(map(int, input().split(' ')))
     return l, n
 
 
@@ -272,10 +259,10 @@ def krusk(E_and_n):
             break
         print(s)
         x = E.pop()
-        for i in xrange(len(s)):
+        for i in range(len(s)):
             if x[0] in s[i]:
                 break
-        for j in xrange(len(s)):
+        for j in range(len(s)):
             if x[1] in s[j]:
                 if i == j:
                     break

graphs/bellman_ford.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
-
 def printDist(dist, V):
 	print("\nVertex Distance")
 	for i in range(V):

graphs/breadth_first_search.py

@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@
 
 """ Author: OMKAR PATHAK """
 
-from __future__ import print_function
-
 
 class Graph():
     def __init__(self):

graphs/depth_first_search.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # encoding=utf8
 
 """ Author: OMKAR PATHAK """
-from __future__ import print_function
 
 
 class Graph():

graphs/dijkstra_2.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
-
 def printDist(dist, V):
 	print("\nVertex Distance")
 	for i in range(V):

graphs/dijkstra_algorithm.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # Author: Shubham Malik
 # References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijkstra%27s_algorithm
 
-from __future__ import print_function
 import math
 import sys
 # For storing the vertex set to retreive node with the lowest distance

graphs/even_tree.py

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ Constraints
 Note: The tree input will be such that it can always be decomposed into
 components containing an even number of nodes.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
 # pylint: disable=invalid-name
 from collections import defaultdict
 

graphs/graph_list.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/python
 # encoding=utf8
 
-from __future__ import print_function
 # Author: OMKAR PATHAK
 
 # We can use Python's dictionary for constructing the graph.

graphs/graph_matrix.py

@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-
 class Graph:
 
     def __init__(self, vertex):

graphs/graphs_floyd_warshall.py

@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@
     have negative edge weights.
 """
 
-from __future__ import print_function
-
 
 def _print_dist(dist, v):
 	print("\nThe shortest path matrix using Floyd Warshall algorithm\n")

graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_kruskal.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
-
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     num_nodes, num_edges = list(map(int, input().strip().split()))
 

graphs/multi_hueristic_astar.py

@@ -1,12 +1,6 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 import heapq
 import numpy as np
 
-try:
-    xrange          # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    xrange = range  # Python 3
-
 
 class PriorityQueue:
 	def __init__(self):
@@ -96,7 +90,7 @@ def do_something(back_pointer, goal, start):
 	grid[(n-1)][0] = "-"
 
 
-	for i in xrange(n):
+	for i in range(n):
 		for j in range(n):
 			if (i, j) == (0, n-1):
 				print(grid[i][j], end=' ')

graphs/scc_kosaraju.py

@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-
 def dfs(u):
     global g, r, scc, component, visit, stack
     if visit[u]: return

hashes/chaos_machine.py

@@ -1,10 +1,4 @@
 """example of simple chaos machine"""
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-try:
-  input = raw_input  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-  pass               # Python 3
 
 # Chaos Machine (K, t, m)
 K = [0.33, 0.44, 0.55, 0.44, 0.33]; t = 3; m = 5

hashes/enigma_machine.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
-
 alphabets = [chr(i) for i in range(32, 126)]
 gear_one = [i for i in range(len(alphabets))]
 gear_two = [i for i in range(len(alphabets))]

hashes/md5.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 import math
 
 

machine_learning/decision_tree.py

@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@ Implementation of a basic regression decision tree.
 Input data set: The input data set must be 1-dimensional with continuous labels.
 Output: The decision tree maps a real number input to a real number output.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
-
 import numpy as np
 
 class Decision_Tree:

machine_learning/gradient_descent.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 """
 Implementation of gradient descent algorithm for minimizing cost of a linear hypothesis function.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function, division
 import numpy
 
 # List of input, output pairs

machine_learning/k_means_clust.py

@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@ Usage:
   5. Have fun..
 
 '''
-from __future__ import print_function
 from sklearn.metrics import pairwise_distances
 import numpy as np
 

machine_learning/linear_regression.py

@@ -7,8 +7,6 @@ We try to set these Feature weights, over many iterations, so that they best
 fits our dataset. In this particular code, i had used a CSGO dataset (ADR vs
 Rating). We try to best fit a line through dataset and estimate the parameters.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
-
 import requests
 import numpy as np
 

maths/simpson_rule.py

@@ -8,9 +8,6 @@ method 2:
 "Simpson Rule"
 
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-
 def method_2(boundary, steps):
 # "Simpson Rule"
 # int(f) = delta_x/2 * (b-a)/3*(f1 + 4f2 + 2f_3 + ... + fn)

maths/trapezoidal_rule.py

@@ -7,8 +7,6 @@ method 1:
 "extended trapezoidal rule"
 
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
-
 def method_1(boundary, steps):
 # "extended trapezoidal rule"
 # int(f) = dx/2 * (f1 + 2f2 + ... + fn)

maths/zellers_congruence.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
 import datetime
 import argparse
 

matrix/nth_fibonacci_using_matrix_exponentiation.py

@@ -13,9 +13,6 @@ Converting to matrix,
 So we just need the n times multiplication of the matrix [1,1],[1,0]].
 We can decrease the n times multiplication by following the divide and conquer approach.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-
 def multiply(matrix_a, matrix_b):
     matrix_c = []
     n = len(matrix_a)

neural_network/convolution_neural_network.py

@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@
     Date: 2017.9.20
     - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 '''
-from __future__ import print_function
-
 import pickle
 import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

neural_network/perceptron.py

@@ -9,8 +9,6 @@
     p2 = 1
 
 '''
-from __future__ import print_function
-
 import random
 
 

other/anagrams.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 import collections, pprint, time, os
 
 start_time = time.time()

other/euclidean_gcd.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_algorithm
 
 def euclidean_gcd(a, b):

other/linear_congruential_generator.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 __author__ = "Tobias Carryer"
 
 from time import time

other/nested_brackets.py

@@ -13,9 +13,6 @@ The function called is_balanced takes as input a string S which is a sequence of
 returns true if S is nested and false otherwise.
 
 '''
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-
 def is_balanced(S):
 
     stack = []

other/password_generator.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 """Password generator allows you to generate a random password of length N."""
-from __future__ import print_function
 from random import choice
 from string import ascii_letters, digits, punctuation
 

other/tower_of_hanoi.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 def moveTower(height, fromPole, toPole, withPole):
     '''
     >>> moveTower(3, 'A', 'B', 'C')

other/two_sum.py

@@ -9,8 +9,6 @@ Given nums = [2, 7, 11, 15], target = 9,
 Because nums[0] + nums[1] = 2 + 7 = 9,
 return [0, 1].
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
-
 def twoSum(nums, target):
     """
     :type nums: List[int]

other/word_patterns.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 import pprint, time
 
 def getWordPattern(word):

project_euler/problem_01/sol1.py

@@ -4,14 +4,6 @@ If we list all the natural numbers below 10 that are multiples of 3 or 5,
 we get 3,5,6 and 9. The sum of these multiples is 23.
 Find the sum of all the multiples of 3 or 5 below N.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-try:
-    raw_input  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    raw_input = input  # Python 3
-
-
 def solution(n):
     """Returns the sum of all the multiples of 3 or 5 below n.
 
@@ -31,4 +23,4 @@ def solution(n):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    print(solution(int(raw_input().strip())))
+    print(solution(int(input().strip())))

project_euler/problem_01/sol2.py

@@ -4,12 +4,6 @@ If we list all the natural numbers below 10 that are multiples of 3 or 5,
 we get 3,5,6 and 9. The sum of these multiples is 23.
 Find the sum of all the multiples of 3 or 5 below N.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-try:
-    raw_input  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    raw_input = input  # Python 3
 
 
 def solution(n):
@@ -36,4 +30,4 @@ def solution(n):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    print(solution(int(raw_input().strip())))
+    print(solution(int(input().strip())))

project_euler/problem_01/sol3.py

@@ -4,14 +4,6 @@ If we list all the natural numbers below 10 that are multiples of 3 or 5,
 we get 3,5,6 and 9. The sum of these multiples is 23.
 Find the sum of all the multiples of 3 or 5 below N.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-try:
-    raw_input  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    raw_input = input  # Python 3
-
-
 def solution(n):
     """
     This solution is based on the pattern that the successive numbers in the
@@ -63,4 +55,4 @@ def solution(n):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    print(solution(int(raw_input().strip())))
+    print(solution(int(input().strip())))

project_euler/problem_01/sol4.py

@@ -4,14 +4,6 @@ If we list all the natural numbers below 10 that are multiples of 3 or 5,
 we get 3,5,6 and 9. The sum of these multiples is 23.
 Find the sum of all the multiples of 3 or 5 below N.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-try:
-    raw_input  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    raw_input = input  # Python 3
-
-
 def solution(n):
     """Returns the sum of all the multiples of 3 or 5 below n.
 
@@ -50,4 +42,4 @@ def solution(n):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    print(solution(int(raw_input().strip())))
+    print(solution(int(input().strip())))

project_euler/problem_01/sol5.py

@@ -4,12 +4,6 @@ If we list all the natural numbers below 10 that are multiples of 3 or 5,
 we get 3,5,6 and 9. The sum of these multiples is 23.
 Find the sum of all the multiples of 3 or 5 below N.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-try:
-    raw_input  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    raw_input = input  # Python 3
 
 """A straightforward pythonic solution using list comprehension"""
 
@@ -31,4 +25,4 @@ def solution(n):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    print(solution(int(raw_input().strip())))
+    print(solution(int(input().strip())))

project_euler/problem_01/sol6.py

@@ -4,14 +4,6 @@ If we list all the natural numbers below 10 that are multiples of 3 or 5,
 we get 3,5,6 and 9. The sum of these multiples is 23.
 Find the sum of all the multiples of 3 or 5 below N.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-try:
-    raw_input  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    raw_input = input  # Python 3
-
-
 def solution(n):
     """Returns the sum of all the multiples of 3 or 5 below n.
 
@@ -37,4 +29,4 @@ def solution(n):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    print(solution(int(raw_input().strip())))
+    print(solution(int(input().strip())))

project_euler/problem_02/sol1.py

@@ -9,14 +9,6 @@ By considering the terms in the Fibonacci sequence whose values do not exceed
 n, find the sum of the even-valued terms. e.g. for n=10, we have {2,8}, sum is
 10.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-try:
-    raw_input  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    raw_input = input  # Python 3
-
-
 def solution(n):
     """Returns the sum of all fibonacci sequence even elements that are lower
     or equals to n.
@@ -44,4 +36,4 @@ def solution(n):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    print(solution(int(raw_input().strip())))
+    print(solution(int(input().strip())))

project_euler/problem_02/sol2.py

@@ -9,14 +9,6 @@ By considering the terms in the Fibonacci sequence whose values do not exceed
 n, find the sum of the even-valued terms. e.g. for n=10, we have {2,8}, sum is
 10.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-try:
-    raw_input  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    raw_input = input  # Python 3
-
-
 def solution(n):
     """Returns the sum of all fibonacci sequence even elements that are lower
     or equals to n.
@@ -42,4 +34,4 @@ def solution(n):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    print(solution(int(raw_input().strip())))
+    print(solution(int(input().strip())))

project_euler/problem_02/sol3.py

@@ -9,14 +9,6 @@ By considering the terms in the Fibonacci sequence whose values do not exceed
 n, find the sum of the even-valued terms. e.g. for n=10, we have {2,8}, sum is
 10.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-try:
-    raw_input  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    raw_input = input  # Python 3
-
-
 def solution(n):
     """Returns the sum of all fibonacci sequence even elements that are lower
     or equals to n.
@@ -44,4 +36,4 @@ def solution(n):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    print(solution(int(raw_input().strip())))
+    print(solution(int(input().strip())))

project_euler/problem_02/sol4.py

@@ -9,15 +9,9 @@ By considering the terms in the Fibonacci sequence whose values do not exceed
 n, find the sum of the even-valued terms. e.g. for n=10, we have {2,8}, sum is
 10.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
 import math
 from decimal import Decimal, getcontext
 
-try:
-    raw_input  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    raw_input = input  # Python 3
-
 
 def solution(n):
     """Returns the sum of all fibonacci sequence even elements that are lower
@@ -68,4 +62,4 @@ def solution(n):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    print(solution(int(raw_input().strip())))
+    print(solution(int(input().strip())))

project_euler/problem_03/sol1.py

@@ -5,14 +5,8 @@ of a given number N?
 
 e.g. for 10, largest prime factor = 5. For 17, largest prime factor = 17.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function, division
 import math
 
-try:
-    raw_input  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    raw_input = input  # Python 3
-
 
 def isprime(no):
     if no == 2:
@@ -81,4 +75,4 @@ def solution(n):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    print(solution(int(raw_input().strip())))
+    print(solution(int(input().strip())))

project_euler/problem_03/sol2.py

@@ -5,12 +5,6 @@ of a given number N?
 
 e.g. for 10, largest prime factor = 5. For 17, largest prime factor = 17.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function, division
-
-try:
-    raw_input  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    raw_input = input  # Python 3
 
 
 def solution(n):
@@ -60,4 +54,4 @@ def solution(n):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    print(solution(int(raw_input().strip())))
+    print(solution(int(input().strip())))

project_euler/problem_04/sol1.py

@@ -6,14 +6,6 @@ the product of two 2-digit numbers is 9009 = 91 x 99.
 Find the largest palindrome made from the product of two 3-digit numbers which
 is less than N.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-try:
-    raw_input  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    raw_input = input  # Python 3
-
-
 def solution(n):
     """Returns the largest palindrome made from the product of two 3-digit
     numbers which is less than n.
@@ -47,4 +39,4 @@ def solution(n):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    print(solution(int(raw_input().strip())))
+    print(solution(int(input().strip())))

project_euler/problem_04/sol2.py

@@ -6,14 +6,6 @@ the product of two 2-digit numbers is 9009 = 91 x 99.
 Find the largest palindrome made from the product of two 3-digit numbers which
 is less than N.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-try:
-    raw_input  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    raw_input = input  # Python 3
-
-
 def solution(n):
     """Returns the largest palindrome made from the product of two 3-digit
     numbers which is less than n.
@@ -35,4 +27,4 @@ def solution(n):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    print(solution(int(raw_input().strip())))
+    print(solution(int(input().strip())))

project_euler/problem_05/sol1.py

@@ -6,14 +6,6 @@ to 10 without any remainder.
 What is the smallest positive number that is evenly divisible(divisible with no
 remainder) by all of the numbers from 1 to N?
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-try:
-    raw_input  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    raw_input = input  # Python 3
-
-
 def solution(n):
     """Returns the smallest positive number that is evenly divisible(divisible
     with no remainder) by all of the numbers from 1 to n.
@@ -66,4 +58,4 @@ def solution(n):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    print(solution(int(raw_input().strip())))
+    print(solution(int(input().strip())))

project_euler/problem_05/sol2.py

@@ -6,13 +6,6 @@ to 10 without any remainder.
 What is the smallest positive number that is evenly divisible(divisible with no
 remainder) by all of the numbers from 1 to N?
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-try:
-    raw_input  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    raw_input = input  # Python 3
-
 """ Euclidean GCD Algorithm """
 
 
@@ -47,4 +40,4 @@ def solution(n):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    print(solution(int(raw_input().strip())))
+    print(solution(int(input().strip())))

project_euler/problem_06/sol1.py

@@ -14,14 +14,6 @@ numbers and the square of the sum is 3025 − 385 = 2640.
 Find the difference between the sum of the squares of the first N natural
 numbers and the square of the sum.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-try:
-    raw_input  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    raw_input = input  # Python 3
-
-
 def solution(n):
     """Returns the difference between the sum of the squares of the first n
     natural numbers and the square of the sum.
@@ -45,4 +37,4 @@ def solution(n):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    print(solution(int(raw_input().strip())))
+    print(solution(int(input().strip())))

project_euler/problem_06/sol2.py

@@ -14,14 +14,6 @@ numbers and the square of the sum is 3025 − 385 = 2640.
 Find the difference between the sum of the squares of the first N natural
 numbers and the square of the sum.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-try:
-    raw_input  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    raw_input = input  # Python 3
-
-
 def solution(n):
     """Returns the difference between the sum of the squares of the first n
     natural numbers and the square of the sum.
@@ -42,4 +34,4 @@ def solution(n):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    print(solution(int(raw_input().strip())))
+    print(solution(int(input().strip())))

project_euler/problem_06/sol3.py

@@ -14,14 +14,8 @@ numbers and the square of the sum is 3025 − 385 = 2640.
 Find the difference between the sum of the squares of the first N natural
 numbers and the square of the sum.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
 import math
 
-try:
-    raw_input  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    raw_input = input  # Python 3
-
 
 def solution(n):
     """Returns the difference between the sum of the squares of the first n
@@ -42,4 +36,4 @@ def solution(n):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    print(solution(int(raw_input().strip())))
+    print(solution(int(input().strip())))

project_euler/problem_07/sol1.py

@@ -6,14 +6,8 @@ By listing the first six prime numbers:
 
 We can see that the 6th prime is 13. What is the Nth prime number?
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
 from math import sqrt
 
-try:
-    raw_input  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    raw_input = input  # Python 3
-
 
 def isprime(n):
     if n == 2:
@@ -58,4 +52,4 @@ def solution(n):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    print(solution(int(raw_input().strip())))
+    print(solution(int(input().strip())))

project_euler/problem_07/sol2.py

@@ -6,14 +6,6 @@ By listing the first six prime numbers:
 
 We can see that the 6th prime is 13. What is the Nth prime number?
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-try:
-    raw_input  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    raw_input = input  # Python 3
-
-
 def isprime(number):
     for i in range(2, int(number ** 0.5) + 1):
         if number % i == 0:
@@ -73,4 +65,4 @@ def solution(n):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    print(solution(int(raw_input().strip())))
+    print(solution(int(input().strip())))

project_euler/problem_07/sol3.py

@@ -6,15 +6,9 @@ By listing the first six prime numbers:
 
 We can see that the 6th prime is 13. What is the Nth prime number?
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
 import math
 import itertools
 
-try:
-    raw_input  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    raw_input = input  # Python 3
-
 
 def primeCheck(number):
     if number % 2 == 0 and number > 2:
@@ -50,4 +44,4 @@ def solution(n):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    print(solution(int(raw_input().strip())))
+    print(solution(int(input().strip())))

project_euler/problem_09/sol1.py

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ For example, 3^2 + 4^2 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5^2.
 There exists exactly one Pythagorean triplet for which a + b + c = 1000.
 Find the product abc.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
 
 
 def solution():

project_euler/problem_09/sol2.py

@@ -7,14 +7,6 @@ For example, 3^2 + 4^2 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5^2.
 There exists exactly one Pythagorean triplet for which a + b + c = 1000.
 Find the product abc.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-try:
-    raw_input  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    raw_input = input  # Python 3
-
-
 def solution(n):
     """
      Return the product of a,b,c which are Pythagorean Triplet that satisfies
@@ -41,4 +33,4 @@ def solution(n):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    print(solution(int(raw_input().strip())))
+    print(solution(int(input().strip())))

project_euler/problem_09/sol3.py

@@ -10,9 +10,6 @@ For example, 3^2 + 4^2 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5^2.
 There exists exactly one Pythagorean triplet for which a + b + c = 1000.
 Find the product abc.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-
 def solution():
     """
      Returns the product of a,b,c which are Pythagorean Triplet that satisfies