Lukazlim: Replace dependency requests with httpx (#12744)

* Replace dependency `requests` with `httpx`

Fixes #12742
Signed-off-by: Lim, Lukaz Wei Hwang <lukaz.wei.hwang.lim@intel.com>

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

---------

Signed-off-by: Lim, Lukaz Wei Hwang <lukaz.wei.hwang.lim@intel.com>
Co-authored-by: Lim, Lukaz Wei Hwang <lukaz.wei.hwang.lim@intel.com>
Co-authored-by: cclauss <cclauss@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

DIRECTORY.md

@@ -899,6 +899,7 @@
   * [N Body Simulation](physics/n_body_simulation.py)
   * [Newtons Law Of Gravitation](physics/newtons_law_of_gravitation.py)
   * [Newtons Second Law Of Motion](physics/newtons_second_law_of_motion.py)
+  * [Orbital Transfer Work](physics/orbital_transfer_work.py)
   * [Period Of Pendulum](physics/period_of_pendulum.py)
   * [Photoelectric Effect](physics/photoelectric_effect.py)
   * [Potential Energy](physics/potential_energy.py)

machine_learning/linear_regression.py

@@ -8,8 +8,16 @@ fit our dataset. In this particular code, I had used a CSGO dataset (ADR vs
 Rating). We try to best fit a line through dataset and estimate the parameters.
 """
 
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "httpx",
+#     "numpy",
+# ]
+# ///
+
+import httpx
 import numpy as np
-import requests
 
 
 def collect_dataset():
@@ -17,7 +25,7 @@ def collect_dataset():
     The dataset contains ADR vs Rating of a Player
     :return : dataset obtained from the link, as matrix
     """
-    response = requests.get(
+    response = httpx.get(
         "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/yashLadha/The_Math_of_Intelligence/"
         "master/Week1/ADRvsRating.csv",
         timeout=10,

physics/speeds_of_gas_molecules.py

@@ -59,9 +59,9 @@ def avg_speed_of_molecule(temperature: float, molar_mass: float) -> float:
     Examples:
 
     >>> avg_speed_of_molecule(273, 0.028) # nitrogen at 273 K
-    454.3488755020387
+    454.3488755062257
     >>> avg_speed_of_molecule(300, 0.032) # oxygen at 300 K
-    445.52572733919885
+    445.5257273433045
     >>> avg_speed_of_molecule(-273, 0.028) # invalid temperature
     Traceback (most recent call last):
         ...
@@ -87,9 +87,9 @@ def mps_speed_of_molecule(temperature: float, molar_mass: float) -> float:
     Examples:
 
     >>> mps_speed_of_molecule(273, 0.028) # nitrogen at 273 K
-    402.65620701908966
+    402.65620702280023
     >>> mps_speed_of_molecule(300, 0.032) # oxygen at 300 K
-    394.836895549922
+    394.8368955535605
     >>> mps_speed_of_molecule(-273, 0.028) # invalid temperature
     Traceback (most recent call last):
         ...

pyproject.toml

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ classifiers = [
 dependencies = [
   "beautifulsoup4>=4.12.3",
   "fake-useragent>=1.5.1",
+  "httpx>=0.28.1",
   "imageio>=2.36.1",
   "keras>=3.7",
   "lxml>=5.3",
@@ -19,7 +20,6 @@ dependencies = [
   "opencv-python>=4.10.0.84",
   "pandas>=2.2.3",
   "pillow>=11",
-  "requests>=2.32.3",
   "rich>=13.9.4",
   "scikit-learn>=1.5.2",
   "sphinx-pyproject>=0.3",
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ docs = [
   "sphinx-pyproject>=0.3",
 ]
 euler-validate = [
+  "httpx>=0.28.1",
   "numpy>=2.1.3",
-  "requests>=2.32.3",
 ]
 
 [tool.ruff]

requirements.txt

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 beautifulsoup4
 fake-useragent
+httpx
 imageio
 keras
 lxml
@@ -8,7 +9,6 @@ numpy
 opencv-python
 pandas
 pillow
-requests
 rich
 scikit-learn
 sphinx-pyproject

scripts/validate_solutions.py

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 # /// script
 # requires-python = ">=3.13"
 # dependencies = [
+#     "httpx",
 #     "pytest",
-#     "requests",
 # ]
 # ///
 
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ import os
 import pathlib
 from types import ModuleType
 
+import httpx
 import pytest
-import requests
 
 PROJECT_EULER_DIR_PATH = pathlib.Path.cwd().joinpath("project_euler")
 PROJECT_EULER_ANSWERS_PATH = pathlib.Path.cwd().joinpath(
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ def added_solution_file_path() -> list[pathlib.Path]:
         "Accept": "application/vnd.github.v3+json",
         "Authorization": "token " + os.environ["GITHUB_TOKEN"],
     }
-    files = requests.get(get_files_url(), headers=headers, timeout=10).json()
+    files = httpx.get(get_files_url(), headers=headers, timeout=10).json()
     for file in files:
         filepath = pathlib.Path.cwd().joinpath(file["filename"])
         if (

web_programming/co2_emission.py

@@ -2,22 +2,29 @@
 Get CO2 emission data from the UK CarbonIntensity API
 """
 
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
+
 from datetime import date
 
-import requests
+import httpx
 
 BASE_URL = "https://api.carbonintensity.org.uk/intensity"
 
 
 # Emission in the last half hour
 def fetch_last_half_hour() -> str:
-    last_half_hour = requests.get(BASE_URL, timeout=10).json()["data"][0]
+    last_half_hour = httpx.get(BASE_URL, timeout=10).json()["data"][0]
     return last_half_hour["intensity"]["actual"]
 
 
 # Emissions in a specific date range
 def fetch_from_to(start, end) -> list:
-    return requests.get(f"{BASE_URL}/{start}/{end}", timeout=10).json()["data"]
+    return httpx.get(f"{BASE_URL}/{start}/{end}", timeout=10).json()["data"]
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

web_programming/covid_stats_via_xpath.py

@@ -4,9 +4,17 @@ This is to show simple COVID19 info fetching from worldometers site using lxml
 more convenient to use in Python web projects (e.g. Django or Flask-based)
 """
 
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "httpx",
+#     "lxml",
+# ]
+# ///
+
 from typing import NamedTuple
 
-import requests
+import httpx
 from lxml import html
 
 
@@ -19,7 +27,7 @@ class CovidData(NamedTuple):
 def covid_stats(url: str = "https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/") -> CovidData:
     xpath_str = '//div[@class = "maincounter-number"]/span/text()'
     return CovidData(
-        *html.fromstring(requests.get(url, timeout=10).content).xpath(xpath_str)
+        *html.fromstring(httpx.get(url, timeout=10).content).xpath(xpath_str)
     )
 
 

web_programming/crawl_google_results.py

@@ -1,14 +1,28 @@
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "beautifulsoup4",
+#     "fake-useragent",
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
+
 import sys
 import webbrowser
 
-import requests
+import httpx
 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 from fake_useragent import UserAgent
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     print("Googling.....")
     url = "https://www.google.com/search?q=" + " ".join(sys.argv[1:])
-    res = requests.get(url, headers={"UserAgent": UserAgent().random}, timeout=10)
+    res = httpx.get(
+        url,
+        headers={"UserAgent": UserAgent().random},
+        timeout=10,
+        follow_redirects=True,
+    )
     # res.raise_for_status()
     with open("project1a.html", "wb") as out_file:  # only for knowing the class
         for data in res.iter_content(10000):

web_programming/crawl_google_scholar_citation.py

@@ -3,7 +3,15 @@ Get the citation from google scholar
 using title and year of publication, and volume and pages of journal.
 """
 
-import requests
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "beautifulsoup4",
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
+
+import httpx
 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 
 
@@ -12,7 +20,7 @@ def get_citation(base_url: str, params: dict) -> str:
     Return the citation number.
     """
     soup = BeautifulSoup(
-        requests.get(base_url, params=params, timeout=10).content, "html.parser"
+        httpx.get(base_url, params=params, timeout=10).content, "html.parser"
     )
     div = soup.find("div", attrs={"class": "gs_ri"})
     anchors = div.find("div", attrs={"class": "gs_fl"}).find_all("a")

web_programming/currency_converter.py

@@ -3,9 +3,16 @@ This is used to convert the currency using the Amdoren Currency API
 https://www.amdoren.com
 """
 
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
+
 import os
 
-import requests
+import httpx
 
 URL_BASE = "https://www.amdoren.com/api/currency.php"
 
@@ -176,7 +183,7 @@ def convert_currency(
     params = locals()
     # from is a reserved keyword
     params["from"] = params.pop("from_")
-    res = requests.get(URL_BASE, params=params, timeout=10).json()
+    res = httpx.get(URL_BASE, params=params, timeout=10).json()
     return str(res["amount"]) if res["error"] == 0 else res["error_message"]
 
 

web_programming/current_stock_price.py

@@ -1,4 +1,12 @@
-import requests
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "beautifulsoup4",
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
+
+import httpx
 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 
 """
@@ -20,8 +28,8 @@ def stock_price(symbol: str = "AAPL") -> str:
     True
     """
     url = f"https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/{symbol}?p={symbol}"
-    yahoo_finance_source = requests.get(
-        url, headers={"USER-AGENT": "Mozilla/5.0"}, timeout=10
+    yahoo_finance_source = httpx.get(
+        url, headers={"USER-AGENT": "Mozilla/5.0"}, timeout=10, follow_redirects=True
     ).text
     soup = BeautifulSoup(yahoo_finance_source, "html.parser")
 

web_programming/current_weather.py

@@ -1,4 +1,11 @@
-import requests
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
+
+import httpx
 
 # Put your API key(s) here
 OPENWEATHERMAP_API_KEY = ""
@@ -19,13 +26,13 @@ def current_weather(location: str) -> list[dict]:
     weather_data = []
     if OPENWEATHERMAP_API_KEY:
         params_openweathermap = {"q": location, "appid": OPENWEATHERMAP_API_KEY}
-        response_openweathermap = requests.get(
+        response_openweathermap = httpx.get(
             OPENWEATHERMAP_URL_BASE, params=params_openweathermap, timeout=10
         )
         weather_data.append({"OpenWeatherMap": response_openweathermap.json()})
     if WEATHERSTACK_API_KEY:
         params_weatherstack = {"query": location, "access_key": WEATHERSTACK_API_KEY}
-        response_weatherstack = requests.get(
+        response_weatherstack = httpx.get(
             WEATHERSTACK_URL_BASE, params=params_weatherstack, timeout=10
         )
         weather_data.append({"Weatherstack": response_weatherstack.json()})

web_programming/daily_horoscope.py

@@ -1,4 +1,12 @@
-import requests
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "beautifulsoup4",
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
+
+import httpx
 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 
 
@@ -7,7 +15,7 @@ def horoscope(zodiac_sign: int, day: str) -> str:
         "https://www.horoscope.com/us/horoscopes/general/"
         f"horoscope-general-daily-{day}.aspx?sign={zodiac_sign}"
     )
-    soup = BeautifulSoup(requests.get(url, timeout=10).content, "html.parser")
+    soup = BeautifulSoup(httpx.get(url, timeout=10).content, "html.parser")
     return soup.find("div", class_="main-horoscope").p.text
 
 

web_programming/download_images_from_google_query.py

@@ -1,10 +1,18 @@
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "beautifulsoup4",
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
+
 import json
 import os
 import re
 import sys
 import urllib.request
 
-import requests
+import httpx
 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 
 headers = {
@@ -39,7 +47,7 @@ def download_images_from_google_query(query: str = "dhaka", max_images: int = 5)
         "ijn": "0",
     }
 
-    html = requests.get(
+    html = httpx.get(
         "https://www.google.com/search", params=params, headers=headers, timeout=10
     )
     soup = BeautifulSoup(html.text, "html.parser")

web_programming/emails_from_url.py

@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
 """Get the site emails from URL."""
 
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 __author__ = "Muhammad Umer Farooq"
@@ -13,7 +20,7 @@ import re
 from html.parser import HTMLParser
 from urllib import parse
 
-import requests
+import httpx
 
 
 class Parser(HTMLParser):
@@ -72,7 +79,7 @@ def emails_from_url(url: str = "https://github.com") -> list[str]:
 
     try:
         # Open URL
-        r = requests.get(url, timeout=10)
+        r = httpx.get(url, timeout=10, follow_redirects=True)
 
         # pass the raw HTML to the parser to get links
         parser.feed(r.text)
@@ -81,9 +88,15 @@ def emails_from_url(url: str = "https://github.com") -> list[str]:
         valid_emails = set()
         for link in parser.urls:
             # open URL.
-            # read = requests.get(link)
+            # Check if the link is already absolute
+            if not link.startswith("http://") and not link.startswith("https://"):
+                # Prepend protocol only if link starts with domain, normalize otherwise
+                if link.startswith(domain):
+                    link = f"https://{link}"
+                else:
+                    link = parse.urljoin(f"https://{domain}", link)
             try:
-                read = requests.get(link, timeout=10)
+                read = httpx.get(link, timeout=10, follow_redirects=True)
                 # Get the valid email.
                 emails = re.findall("[a-zA-Z0-9]+@" + domain, read.text)
                 # If not in list then append it.

web_programming/fetch_anime_and_play.py

@@ -1,8 +1,17 @@
-import requests
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "beautifulsoup4",
+#     "fake-useragent",
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
+
+import httpx
 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup, NavigableString, Tag
 from fake_useragent import UserAgent
 
-BASE_URL = "https://ww1.gogoanime2.org"
+BASE_URL = "https://ww7.gogoanime2.org"
 
 
 def search_scraper(anime_name: str) -> list:
@@ -25,9 +34,9 @@ def search_scraper(anime_name: str) -> list:
     """
 
     # concat the name to form the search url.
-    search_url = f"{BASE_URL}/search/{anime_name}"
+    search_url = f"{BASE_URL}/search?keyword={anime_name}"
 
-    response = requests.get(
+    response = httpx.get(
         search_url, headers={"UserAgent": UserAgent().chrome}, timeout=10
     )  # request the url.
 
@@ -82,7 +91,7 @@ def search_anime_episode_list(episode_endpoint: str) -> list:
 
     request_url = f"{BASE_URL}{episode_endpoint}"
 
-    response = requests.get(
+    response = httpx.get(
         url=request_url, headers={"UserAgent": UserAgent().chrome}, timeout=10
     )
     response.raise_for_status()
@@ -133,7 +142,7 @@ def get_anime_episode(episode_endpoint: str) -> list:
 
     episode_page_url = f"{BASE_URL}{episode_endpoint}"
 
-    response = requests.get(
+    response = httpx.get(
         url=episode_page_url, headers={"User-Agent": UserAgent().chrome}, timeout=10
     )
     response.raise_for_status()

web_programming/fetch_bbc_news.py

@@ -1,13 +1,20 @@
 # Created by sarathkaul on 12/11/19
 
-import requests
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
+
+import httpx
 
 _NEWS_API = "https://newsapi.org/v1/articles?source=bbc-news&sortBy=top&apiKey="
 
 
 def fetch_bbc_news(bbc_news_api_key: str) -> None:
     # fetching a list of articles in json format
-    bbc_news_page = requests.get(_NEWS_API + bbc_news_api_key, timeout=10).json()
+    bbc_news_page = httpx.get(_NEWS_API + bbc_news_api_key, timeout=10).json()
     # each article in the list is a dict
     for i, article in enumerate(bbc_news_page["articles"], 1):
         print(f"{i}.) {article['title']}")

web_programming/fetch_github_info.py

@@ -18,12 +18,19 @@ with your token::
 export USER_TOKEN=""
 """
 
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import os
 from typing import Any
 
-import requests
+import httpx
 
 BASE_URL = "https://api.github.com"
 
@@ -36,13 +43,13 @@ USER_TOKEN = os.environ.get("USER_TOKEN", "")
 
 def fetch_github_info(auth_token: str) -> dict[Any, Any]:
     """
-    Fetch GitHub info of a user using the requests module
+    Fetch GitHub info of a user using the httpx module
     """
     headers = {
         "Authorization": f"token {auth_token}",
         "Accept": "application/vnd.github.v3+json",
     }
-    return requests.get(AUTHENTICATED_USER_ENDPOINT, headers=headers, timeout=10).json()
+    return httpx.get(AUTHENTICATED_USER_ENDPOINT, headers=headers, timeout=10).json()
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover

web_programming/fetch_jobs.py

@@ -2,20 +2,26 @@
 Scraping jobs given job title and location from indeed website
 """
 
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "beautifulsoup4",
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from collections.abc import Generator
 
-import requests
+import httpx
 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 
 url = "https://www.indeed.co.in/jobs?q=mobile+app+development&l="
 
 
 def fetch_jobs(location: str = "mumbai") -> Generator[tuple[str, str]]:
-    soup = BeautifulSoup(
-        requests.get(url + location, timeout=10).content, "html.parser"
-    )
+    soup = BeautifulSoup(httpx.get(url + location, timeout=10).content, "html.parser")
     # This attribute finds out all the specifics listed in a job
     for job in soup.find_all("div", attrs={"data-tn-component": "organicJob"}):
         job_title = job.find("a", attrs={"data-tn-element": "jobTitle"}).text.strip()

web_programming/fetch_quotes.py

@@ -6,19 +6,26 @@ For more details and premium features visit:
     https://zenquotes.io/
 """
 
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
+
 import pprint
 
-import requests
+import httpx
 
 API_ENDPOINT_URL = "https://zenquotes.io/api"
 
 
 def quote_of_the_day() -> list:
-    return requests.get(API_ENDPOINT_URL + "/today", timeout=10).json()
+    return httpx.get(API_ENDPOINT_URL + "/today", timeout=10).json()
 
 
 def random_quotes() -> list:
-    return requests.get(API_ENDPOINT_URL + "/random", timeout=10).json()
+    return httpx.get(API_ENDPOINT_URL + "/random", timeout=10).json()
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

web_programming/get_amazon_product_data.py

@@ -4,9 +4,18 @@ and fetch from Amazon information about products of this name or category.  The
 information will include title, URL, price, ratings, and the discount available.
 """
 
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "beautifulsoup4",
+#     "httpx",
+#     "pandas",
+# ]
+# ///
+
 from itertools import zip_longest
 
-import requests
+import httpx
 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 from pandas import DataFrame
 
@@ -25,7 +34,7 @@ def get_amazon_product_data(product: str = "laptop") -> DataFrame:
         "Accept-Language": "en-US, en;q=0.5",
     }
     soup = BeautifulSoup(
-        requests.get(url, headers=header, timeout=10).text, features="lxml"
+        httpx.get(url, headers=header, timeout=10).text, features="lxml"
     )
     # Initialize a Pandas dataframe with the column titles
     data_frame = DataFrame(

web_programming/get_imdb_top_250_movies_csv.py

@@ -1,16 +1,24 @@
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "beautifulsoup4",
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import csv
 
-import requests
+import httpx
 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 
 
 def get_imdb_top_250_movies(url: str = "") -> dict[str, float]:
     url = url or "https://www.imdb.com/chart/top/?ref_=nv_mv_250"
-    soup = BeautifulSoup(requests.get(url, timeout=10).text, "html.parser")
-    titles = soup.find_all("td", attrs="titleColumn")
-    ratings = soup.find_all("td", class_="ratingColumn imdbRating")
+    soup = BeautifulSoup(httpx.get(url, timeout=10).text, "html.parser")
+    titles = soup.find_all("h3", class_="ipc-title__text")
+    ratings = soup.find_all("span", class_="ipc-rating-star--rating")
     return {
         title.a.text: float(rating.strong.text)
         for title, rating in zip(titles, ratings)

web_programming/get_ip_geolocation.py

@@ -1,4 +1,11 @@
-import requests
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
+
+import httpx
 
 
 # Function to get geolocation data for an IP address
@@ -8,7 +15,7 @@ def get_ip_geolocation(ip_address: str) -> str:
         url = f"https://ipinfo.io/{ip_address}/json"
 
         # Send a GET request to the API
-        response = requests.get(url, timeout=10)
+        response = httpx.get(url, timeout=10)
 
         # Check if the HTTP request was successful
         response.raise_for_status()
@@ -23,7 +30,7 @@ def get_ip_geolocation(ip_address: str) -> str:
             location = "Location data not found."
 
         return location
-    except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
+    except httpx.RequestError as e:
         # Handle network-related exceptions
         return f"Request error: {e}"
     except ValueError as e:

web_programming/get_top_billionaires.py

@@ -3,9 +3,17 @@ CAUTION: You may get a json.decoding error.
 This works for some of us but fails for others.
 """
 
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "httpx",
+#     "rich",
+# ]
+# ///
+
 from datetime import UTC, date, datetime
 
-import requests
+import httpx
 from rich import box
 from rich import console as rich_console
 from rich import table as rich_table
@@ -57,7 +65,7 @@ def get_forbes_real_time_billionaires() -> list[dict[str, int | str]]:
     Returns:
         List of top 10 realtime billionaires data.
     """
-    response_json = requests.get(API_URL, timeout=10).json()
+    response_json = httpx.get(API_URL, timeout=10).json()
     return [
         {
             "Name": person["personName"],

web_programming/get_top_hn_posts.py

@@ -1,11 +1,18 @@
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import requests
+import httpx
 
 
 def get_hackernews_story(story_id: str) -> dict:
     url = f"https://hacker-news.firebaseio.com/v0/item/{story_id}.json?print=pretty"
-    return requests.get(url, timeout=10).json()
+    return httpx.get(url, timeout=10).json()
 
 
 def hackernews_top_stories(max_stories: int = 10) -> list[dict]:
@@ -13,7 +20,7 @@ def hackernews_top_stories(max_stories: int = 10) -> list[dict]:
     Get the top max_stories posts from HackerNews - https://news.ycombinator.com/
     """
     url = "https://hacker-news.firebaseio.com/v0/topstories.json?print=pretty"
-    story_ids = requests.get(url, timeout=10).json()[:max_stories]
+    story_ids = httpx.get(url, timeout=10).json()[:max_stories]
     return [get_hackernews_story(story_id) for story_id in story_ids]
 
 

web_programming/giphy.py

@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-import requests
+
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
+
+import httpx
 
 giphy_api_key = "YOUR API KEY"
 # Can be fetched from https://developers.giphy.com/dashboard/
@@ -11,7 +19,7 @@ def get_gifs(query: str, api_key: str = giphy_api_key) -> list:
     """
     formatted_query = "+".join(query.split())
     url = f"https://api.giphy.com/v1/gifs/search?q={formatted_query}&api_key={api_key}"
-    gifs = requests.get(url, timeout=10).json()["data"]
+    gifs = httpx.get(url, timeout=10).json()["data"]
     return [gif["url"] for gif in gifs]
 
 

web_programming/instagram_crawler.py

@@ -1,9 +1,19 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "beautifulsoup4",
+#     "fake-useragent",
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import json
 
-import requests
+import httpx
 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 from fake_useragent import UserAgent
 
@@ -39,7 +49,7 @@ class InstagramUser:
         """
         Return a dict of user information
         """
-        html = requests.get(self.url, headers=headers, timeout=10).text
+        html = httpx.get(self.url, headers=headers, timeout=10).text
         scripts = BeautifulSoup(html, "html.parser").find_all("script")
         try:
             return extract_user_profile(scripts[4])

web_programming/instagram_pic.py

@@ -1,6 +1,14 @@
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "beautifulsoup4",
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
+
 from datetime import UTC, datetime
 
-import requests
+import httpx
 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 
 
@@ -15,9 +23,9 @@ def download_image(url: str) -> str:
         A message indicating the result of the operation.
     """
     try:
-        response = requests.get(url, timeout=10)
+        response = httpx.get(url, timeout=10)
         response.raise_for_status()
-    except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
+    except httpx.RequestError as e:
         return f"An error occurred during the HTTP request to {url}: {e!r}"
 
     soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, "html.parser")
@@ -30,13 +38,13 @@ def download_image(url: str) -> str:
         return f"Image URL not found in meta tag {image_meta_tag}."
 
     try:
-        image_data = requests.get(image_url, timeout=10).content
-    except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
+        image_data = httpx.get(image_url, timeout=10).content
+    except httpx.RequestError as e:
         return f"An error occurred during the HTTP request to {image_url}: {e!r}"
     if not image_data:
         return f"Failed to download the image from {image_url}."
 
-    file_name = f"{datetime.now(tz=UTC).astimezone():%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S}.jpg"
+    file_name = f"{datetime.now(tz=UTC).astimezone():%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S}.jpg"
     with open(file_name, "wb") as out_file:
         out_file.write(image_data)
     return f"Image downloaded and saved in the file {file_name}"

web_programming/instagram_video.py

@@ -1,17 +1,24 @@
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
+
 from datetime import UTC, datetime
 
-import requests
+import httpx
 
 
 def download_video(url: str) -> bytes:
     base_url = "https://downloadgram.net/wp-json/wppress/video-downloader/video?url="
-    video_url = requests.get(base_url + url, timeout=10).json()[0]["urls"][0]["src"]
-    return requests.get(video_url, timeout=10).content
+    video_url = httpx.get(base_url + url, timeout=10)
+    return httpx.get(video_url, timeout=10).content
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     url = input("Enter Video/IGTV url: ").strip()
-    file_name = f"{datetime.now(tz=UTC).astimezone():%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S}.mp4"
+    file_name = f"{datetime.now(tz=UTC).astimezone():%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S}.mp4"
     with open(file_name, "wb") as fp:
         fp.write(download_video(url))
     print(f"Done. Video saved to disk as {file_name}.")

web_programming/nasa_data.py

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
-import shutil
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
 
-import requests
+import httpx
 
 
 def get_apod_data(api_key: str) -> dict:
@@ -9,17 +14,17 @@ def get_apod_data(api_key: str) -> dict:
     Get your API Key from: https://api.nasa.gov/
     """
     url = "https://api.nasa.gov/planetary/apod"
-    return requests.get(url, params={"api_key": api_key}, timeout=10).json()
+    return httpx.get(url, params={"api_key": api_key}, timeout=10).json()
 
 
 def save_apod(api_key: str, path: str = ".") -> dict:
     apod_data = get_apod_data(api_key)
     img_url = apod_data["url"]
     img_name = img_url.split("/")[-1]
-    response = requests.get(img_url, stream=True, timeout=10)
+    response = httpx.get(img_url, timeout=10)
 
     with open(f"{path}/{img_name}", "wb+") as img_file:
-        shutil.copyfileobj(response.raw, img_file)
+        img_file.write(response.content)
     del response
     return apod_data
 
@@ -29,7 +34,7 @@ def get_archive_data(query: str) -> dict:
     Get the data of a particular query from NASA archives
     """
     url = "https://images-api.nasa.gov/search"
-    return requests.get(url, params={"q": query}, timeout=10).json()
+    return httpx.get(url, params={"q": query}, timeout=10).json()
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

web_programming/open_google_results.py

@@ -1,8 +1,17 @@
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "beautifulsoup4",
+#     "fake-useragent",
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
+
 import webbrowser
 from sys import argv
 from urllib.parse import parse_qs, quote
 
-import requests
+import httpx
 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 from fake_useragent import UserAgent
 
@@ -13,26 +22,18 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
 
     url = f"https://www.google.com/search?q={query}&num=100"
 
-    res = requests.get(
+    res = httpx.get(
         url,
         headers={"User-Agent": str(UserAgent().random)},
         timeout=10,
     )
 
     try:
-        link = (
-            BeautifulSoup(res.text, "html.parser")
-            .find("div", attrs={"class": "yuRUbf"})
-            .find("a")
-            .get("href")
-        )
+        link = BeautifulSoup(res.text, "html.parser").find("div").find("a").get("href")
 
     except AttributeError:
         link = parse_qs(
-            BeautifulSoup(res.text, "html.parser")
-            .find("div", attrs={"class": "kCrYT"})
-            .find("a")
-            .get("href")
+            BeautifulSoup(res.text, "html.parser").find("div").find("a").get("href")
         )["url"][0]
 
     webbrowser.open(link)

web_programming/random_anime_character.py

@@ -1,6 +1,15 @@
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "beautifulsoup4",
+#     "fake-useragent",
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
+
 import os
 
-import requests
+import httpx
 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 from fake_useragent import UserAgent
 
@@ -12,7 +21,7 @@ def save_image(image_url: str, image_title: str) -> None:
     """
     Saves the image of anime character
     """
-    image = requests.get(image_url, headers=headers, timeout=10)
+    image = httpx.get(image_url, headers=headers, timeout=10)
     with open(image_title, "wb") as file:
         file.write(image.content)
 
@@ -22,7 +31,7 @@ def random_anime_character() -> tuple[str, str, str]:
     Returns the Title, Description, and Image Title of a random anime character .
     """
     soup = BeautifulSoup(
-        requests.get(URL, headers=headers, timeout=10).text, "html.parser"
+        httpx.get(URL, headers=headers, timeout=10).text, "html.parser"
     )
     title = soup.find("meta", attrs={"property": "og:title"}).attrs["content"]
     image_url = soup.find("meta", attrs={"property": "og:image"}).attrs["content"]

web_programming/recaptcha_verification.py

@@ -32,7 +32,14 @@ Below a Django function for the views.py file contains a login form for demonstr
 recaptcha verification.
 """
 
-import requests
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
+
+import httpx
 
 try:
     from django.contrib.auth import authenticate, login
@@ -56,7 +63,7 @@ def login_using_recaptcha(request):
     client_key = request.POST.get("g-recaptcha-response")
 
     # post recaptcha response to Google's recaptcha api
-    response = requests.post(
+    response = httpx.post(
         url, data={"secret": secret_key, "response": client_key}, timeout=10
     )
     # if the recaptcha api verified our keys

web_programming/reddit.py

@@ -1,6 +1,13 @@
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import requests
+import httpx
 
 valid_terms = set(
     """approved_at_utc approved_by author_flair_background_color
@@ -28,13 +35,14 @@ def get_subreddit_data(
     if invalid_search_terms := ", ".join(sorted(set(wanted_data) - valid_terms)):
         msg = f"Invalid search term: {invalid_search_terms}"
         raise ValueError(msg)
-    response = requests.get(
-        f"https://reddit.com/r/{subreddit}/{age}.json?limit={limit}",
+    response = httpx.get(
+        f"https://www.reddit.com/r/{subreddit}/{age}.json?limit={limit}",
         headers={"User-agent": "A random string"},
         timeout=10,
     )
+    response.raise_for_status()
     if response.status_code == 429:
-        raise requests.HTTPError(response=response)
+        raise httpx.HTTPError(response=response)
 
     data = response.json()
     if not wanted_data:

web_programming/search_books_by_isbn.py

@@ -4,9 +4,16 @@ Get book and author data from https://openlibrary.org
 ISBN: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number
 """
 
-from json import JSONDecodeError  # Workaround for requests.exceptions.JSONDecodeError
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
 
-import requests
+from json import JSONDecodeError
+
+import httpx
 
 
 def get_openlibrary_data(olid: str = "isbn/0140328726") -> dict:
@@ -25,7 +32,9 @@ def get_openlibrary_data(olid: str = "isbn/0140328726") -> dict:
     if new_olid.count("/") != 1:
         msg = f"{olid} is not a valid Open Library olid"
         raise ValueError(msg)
-    return requests.get(f"https://openlibrary.org/{new_olid}.json", timeout=10).json()
+    return httpx.get(
+        f"https://openlibrary.org/{new_olid}.json", timeout=10, follow_redirects=True
+    ).json()
 
 
 def summarize_book(ol_book_data: dict) -> dict:
@@ -36,8 +45,7 @@ def summarize_book(ol_book_data: dict) -> dict:
         "title": "Title",
         "publish_date": "Publish date",
         "authors": "Authors",
-        "number_of_pages": "Number of pages:",
-        "first_sentence": "First sentence",
+        "number_of_pages": "Number of pages",
         "isbn_10": "ISBN (10)",
         "isbn_13": "ISBN (13)",
     }
@@ -45,7 +53,6 @@ def summarize_book(ol_book_data: dict) -> dict:
     data["Authors"] = [
         get_openlibrary_data(author["key"])["name"] for author in data["Authors"]
     ]
-    data["First sentence"] = data["First sentence"]["value"]
     for key, value in data.items():
         if isinstance(value, list):
             data[key] = ", ".join(value)
@@ -71,5 +78,5 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         try:
             book_summary = summarize_book(get_openlibrary_data(f"isbn/{isbn}"))
             print("\n".join(f"{key}: {value}" for key, value in book_summary.items()))
-        except JSONDecodeError:  # Workaround for requests.exceptions.RequestException:
+        except JSONDecodeError:
             print(f"Sorry, there are no results for ISBN: {isbn}.")

web_programming/slack_message.py

@@ -1,11 +1,18 @@
 # Created by sarathkaul on 12/11/19
 
-import requests
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
+
+import httpx
 
 
 def send_slack_message(message_body: str, slack_url: str) -> None:
     headers = {"Content-Type": "application/json"}
-    response = requests.post(
+    response = httpx.post(
         slack_url, json={"text": message_body}, headers=headers, timeout=10
     )
     if response.status_code != 200:

web_programming/test_fetch_github_info.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import json
 
-import requests
+import httpx
 
 from .fetch_github_info import AUTHENTICATED_USER_ENDPOINT, fetch_github_info
 
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ def test_fetch_github_info(monkeypatch):
         assert "Accept" in kwargs["headers"]
         return FakeResponse(b'{"login":"test","id":1}')
 
-    monkeypatch.setattr(requests, "get", mock_response)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(httpx, "get", mock_response)
     result = fetch_github_info("token")
     assert result["login"] == "test"
     assert result["id"] == 1

web_programming/world_covid19_stats.py

@@ -5,19 +5,31 @@ Provide the current worldwide COVID-19 statistics.
 This data is being scrapped from 'https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/'.
 """
 
-import requests
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "beautifulsoup4",
+#     "httpx",
+# ]
+# ///
+
+import httpx
 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 
 
-def world_covid19_stats(url: str = "https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus") -> dict:
+def world_covid19_stats(
+    url: str = "https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/",
+) -> dict:
     """
     Return a dict of current worldwide COVID-19 statistics
     """
-    soup = BeautifulSoup(requests.get(url, timeout=10).text, "html.parser")
-    keys = soup.findAll("h1")
-    values = soup.findAll("div", {"class": "maincounter-number"})
-    keys += soup.findAll("span", {"class": "panel-title"})
-    values += soup.findAll("div", {"class": "number-table-main"})
+    soup = BeautifulSoup(
+        httpx.get(url, timeout=10, follow_redirects=True).text, "html.parser"
+    )
+    keys = soup.find_all("h1")
+    values = soup.find_all("div", {"class": "maincounter-number"})
+    keys += soup.find_all("span", {"class": "panel-title"})
+    values += soup.find_all("div", {"class": "number-table-main"})
     return {key.text.strip(): value.text.strip() for key, value in zip(keys, values)}