[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (#11322)

* [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate

updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.2.2 → v0.3.2](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.2.2...v0.3.2)
- [github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy: v1.8.0 → v1.9.0](https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy/compare/v1.8.0...v1.9.0)

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

---------

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ repos:
       - id: auto-walrus
 
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-    rev: v0.2.2
+    rev: v0.3.2
     hooks:
       - id: ruff
       - id: ruff-format
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ repos:
       - id: validate-pyproject
 
   - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
-    rev: v1.8.0
+    rev: v1.9.0
     hooks:
       - id: mypy
         args:

backtracking/all_combinations.py

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 """
-        In this problem, we want to determine all possible combinations of k
+In this problem, we want to determine all possible combinations of k
-        numbers out of 1 ... n. We use backtracking to solve this problem.
+numbers out of 1 ... n. We use backtracking to solve this problem.
 
-        Time complexity: O(C(n,k)) which is O(n choose k) = O((n!/(k! * (n - k)!))),
+Time complexity: O(C(n,k)) which is O(n choose k) = O((n!/(k! * (n - k)!))),
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from itertools import combinations

backtracking/all_permutations.py

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 """
-        In this problem, we want to determine all possible permutations
+In this problem, we want to determine all possible permutations
-        of the given sequence. We use backtracking to solve this problem.
+of the given sequence. We use backtracking to solve this problem.
 
-        Time complexity: O(n! * n),
+Time complexity: O(n! * n),
-        where n denotes the length of the given sequence.
+where n denotes the length of the given sequence.
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 

backtracking/all_subsequences.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ of the given sequence. We use backtracking to solve this problem.
 Time complexity: O(2^n),
 where n denotes the length of the given sequence.
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import Any

backtracking/coloring.py

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 """
-    Graph Coloring also called "m coloring problem"
+Graph Coloring also called "m coloring problem"
-    consists of coloring a given graph with at most m colors
+consists of coloring a given graph with at most m colors
-    such that no adjacent vertices are assigned the same color
+such that no adjacent vertices are assigned the same color
 
-    Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_coloring
+Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_coloring
 """
 
 

backtracking/hamiltonian_cycle.py

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 """
-    A Hamiltonian cycle (Hamiltonian circuit) is a graph cycle
+A Hamiltonian cycle (Hamiltonian circuit) is a graph cycle
-    through a graph that visits each node exactly once.
+through a graph that visits each node exactly once.
-    Determining whether such paths and cycles exist in graphs
+Determining whether such paths and cycles exist in graphs
-    is the 'Hamiltonian path problem', which is NP-complete.
+is the 'Hamiltonian path problem', which is NP-complete.
 
-    Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_path
+Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_path
 """
 
 

backtracking/minimax.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ if move is of maximizer return true else false
 leaves of game tree is stored in scores[]
 height is maximum height of Game tree
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import math

backtracking/n_queens.py

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 """
 
- The nqueens problem is of placing N queens on a N * N
+The nqueens problem is of placing N queens on a N * N
- chess board such that no queen can attack any other queens placed
+chess board such that no queen can attack any other queens placed
- on that chess board.
+on that chess board.
- This means that one queen cannot have any other queen on its horizontal, vertical and
+This means that one queen cannot have any other queen on its horizontal, vertical and
- diagonal lines.
+diagonal lines.
 
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 solution = []

backtracking/n_queens_math.py

@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ Applying these two formulas we can check if a queen in some position is being at
 for another one or vice versa.
 
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 

backtracking/sudoku.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ function on the next column to see if it returns True. if yes, we
 have solved the puzzle. else, we backtrack and place another number
 in that cell and repeat this process.
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 Matrix = list[list[int]]

backtracking/sum_of_subsets.py

@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 """
-        The sum-of-subsetsproblem states that a set of non-negative integers, and a
+The sum-of-subsetsproblem states that a set of non-negative integers, and a
-        value M, determine all possible subsets of the given set whose summation sum
+value M, determine all possible subsets of the given set whose summation sum
-        equal to given M.
+equal to given M.
 
-        Summation of the chosen numbers must be equal to given number M and one number
+Summation of the chosen numbers must be equal to given number M and one number
-        can be used only once.
+can be used only once.
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 

boolean_algebra/nor_gate.py

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ Following is the truth table of a NOR Gate:
     Code provided by Akshaj Vishwanathan
 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/logic-gates-in-python
 """
+
 from collections.abc import Callable
 
 

cellular_automata/conways_game_of_life.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 Conway's Game of Life implemented in Python.
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway%27s_Game_of_Life
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from PIL import Image

cellular_automata/game_of_life.py

@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ Game-Of-Life Rules:
  4.
  Any dead cell with exactly three live neighbours be-
  comes a live cell, as if by reproduction.
- """
+"""
+
 import random
 import sys
 

cellular_automata/nagel_schrekenberg.py

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ Examples for doctest:
 >>> simulate(construct_highway(5, 2, -2), 3, 0, 2)
 [[0, -1, 0, -1, 0], [0, -1, 0, -1, -1], [0, -1, -1, 1, -1], [-1, 1, -1, 0, -1]]
 """
+
 from random import randint, random
 
 

ciphers/a1z26.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ corresponding to the character's position in the alphabet.
 https://www.dcode.fr/letter-number-cipher
 http://bestcodes.weebly.com/a1z26.html
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 

ciphers/atbash.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-""" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atbash """
+"""https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atbash"""
+
 import string
 
 

ciphers/base32.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ Base32 encoding and decoding
 
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base32
 """
+
 B32_CHARSET = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ234567"
 
 

ciphers/enigma_machine2.py

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ Module includes:
 
 Created by TrapinchO
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 RotorPositionT = tuple[int, int, int]

ciphers/fractionated_morse_cipher.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ making it more secure than substitution ciphers.
 
 http://practicalcryptography.com/ciphers/fractionated-morse-cipher/
 """
+
 import string
 
 MORSE_CODE_DICT = {

ciphers/hill_cipher.py

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfmNeskzs2o
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4RhLNDqcjpA
 
 """
+
 import string
 
 import numpy

ciphers/permutation_cipher.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ determine the order of character rearrangement.
 
 For more info: https://www.nku.edu/~christensen/1402%20permutation%20ciphers.pdf
 """
+
 import random
 
 

ciphers/rail_fence_cipher.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-""" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_fence_cipher """
+"""https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_fence_cipher"""
 
 
 def encrypt(input_string: str, key: int) -> str:

ciphers/rsa_factorization.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ Source: on page 3 of https://crypto.stanford.edu/~dabo/papers/RSA-survey.pdf
 More readable source: https://www.di-mgt.com.au/rsa_factorize_n.html
 large number can take minutes to factor, therefore are not included in doctest.
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import math

ciphers/xor_cipher.py

@@ -1,21 +1,22 @@
 """
-        author: Christian Bender
+author: Christian Bender
-        date: 21.12.2017
+date: 21.12.2017
-        class: XORCipher
+class: XORCipher
 
-        This class implements the XOR-cipher algorithm and provides
+This class implements the XOR-cipher algorithm and provides
-        some useful methods for encrypting and decrypting strings and
+some useful methods for encrypting and decrypting strings and
-        files.
+files.
 
-        Overview about methods
+Overview about methods
 
-        - encrypt : list of char
+- encrypt : list of char
-        - decrypt : list of char
+- decrypt : list of char
-        - encrypt_string : str
+- encrypt_string : str
-        - decrypt_string : str
+- decrypt_string : str
-        - encrypt_file : boolean
+- encrypt_file : boolean
-        - decrypt_file : boolean
+- decrypt_file : boolean
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 

compression/burrows_wheeler.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ without needing to store any additional data except the position of the first
 original character. The BWT is thus a "free" method of improving the efficiency
 of text compression algorithms, costing only some extra computation.
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import TypedDict

compression/lempel_ziv.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """
-    One of the several implementations of Lempel–Ziv–Welch compression algorithm
+One of the several implementations of Lempel–Ziv–Welch compression algorithm
-    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Welch
+https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Welch
 """
 
 import math

compression/lempel_ziv_decompress.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """
-    One of the several implementations of Lempel–Ziv–Welch decompression algorithm
+One of the several implementations of Lempel–Ziv–Welch decompression algorithm
-    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Welch
+https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Welch
 """
 
 import math

compression/lz77.py

@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ Sources:
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LZ77_and_LZ78
 """
 
-
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 
 __version__ = "0.1"

computer_vision/haralick_descriptors.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_texture
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-occurrence_matrix#Application_to_image_analysis
 """
+
 import imageio.v2 as imageio
 import numpy as np
 

computer_vision/horn_schunck.py

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 """
-    The Horn-Schunck method estimates the optical flow for every single pixel of
+The Horn-Schunck method estimates the optical flow for every single pixel of
-    a sequence of images.
+a sequence of images.
-    It works by assuming brightness constancy between two consecutive frames
+It works by assuming brightness constancy between two consecutive frames
-    and smoothness in the optical flow.
+and smoothness in the optical flow.
 
-    Useful resources:
+Useful resources:
-    Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn%E2%80%93Schunck_method
+Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn%E2%80%93Schunck_method
-    Paper: http://image.diku.dk/imagecanon/material/HornSchunckOptical_Flow.pdf
+Paper: http://image.diku.dk/imagecanon/material/HornSchunckOptical_Flow.pdf
 """
 
 from typing import SupportsIndex

conversions/decimal_to_hexadecimal.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-""" Convert Base 10 (Decimal) Values to Hexadecimal Representations """
+"""Convert Base 10 (Decimal) Values to Hexadecimal Representations"""
 
 # set decimal value for each hexadecimal digit
 values = {

conversions/prefix_conversions.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """
 Convert International System of Units (SI) and Binary prefixes
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from enum import Enum

conversions/temperature_conversions.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-""" Convert between different units of temperature """
+"""Convert between different units of temperature"""
 
 
 def celsius_to_fahrenheit(celsius: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:

data_structures/arrays/pairs_with_given_sum.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ elements whose sum is equal to req_sum.
 
 https://practice.geeksforgeeks.org/problems/count-pairs-with-given-sum5022/0
 """
+
 from itertools import combinations
 
 

data_structures/arrays/sparse_table.py

@@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
 """
-    Sparse table is a data structure that allows answering range queries on
+Sparse table is a data structure that allows answering range queries on
-    a static number list, i.e. the elements do not change throughout all the queries.
+a static number list, i.e. the elements do not change throughout all the queries.
 
-    The implementation below will solve the problem of Range Minimum Query:
+The implementation below will solve the problem of Range Minimum Query:
-    Finding the minimum value of a subset [L..R] of a static number list.
+Finding the minimum value of a subset [L..R] of a static number list.
 
-    Overall time complexity: O(nlogn)
+Overall time complexity: O(nlogn)
-    Overall space complexity: O(nlogn)
+Overall space complexity: O(nlogn)
 
-    Wikipedia link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_minimum_query
+Wikipedia link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_minimum_query
 """
+
 from math import log2
 
 

data_structures/arrays/sudoku_solver.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ Please do not modify this file!  It is published at https://norvig.com/sudoku.ht
 only minimal changes to work with modern versions of Python.  If you have improvements,
 please make them in a separate file.
 """
+
 import random
 import time
 

data_structures/binary_tree/avl_tree.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ python3 -m doctest -v avl_tree.py
 For testing run:
 python avl_tree.py
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import math

data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py

@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@ True
 >>> not t
 True
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator

data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree_recursive.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ python -m unittest binary_search_tree_recursive.py
 To run an example:
 python binary_search_tree_recursive.py
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import unittest

data_structures/binary_tree/binary_tree_node_sum.py

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ Python implementation:
                             frames that could be in memory is `n`
 """
 
-
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from collections.abc import Iterator

data_structures/binary_tree/diameter_of_binary_tree.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 The diameter/width of a tree is defined as the number of nodes on the longest path
 between two end nodes.
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass

data_structures/binary_tree/flatten_binarytree_to_linkedlist.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/flatten-a-binary-tree-into-linked-list
 Author: Arunkumar A
 Date: 04/09/2023
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 

data_structures/binary_tree/floor_and_ceiling.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ https://bit.ly/46uB0a2
 Author : Arunkumar
 Date : 14th October 2023
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from collections.abc import Iterator

data_structures/binary_tree/is_sorted.py

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ If n is the number of nodes in the tree then:
 Runtime: O(n)
 Space: O(1)
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from collections.abc import Iterator

data_structures/binary_tree/is_sum_tree.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ Is a binary tree a sum tree where the value of every non-leaf node is equal to t
 of the values of its left and right subtrees?
 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/check-if-a-given-binary-tree-is-sumtree
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from collections.abc import Iterator

data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ The rule for merging is that if two nodes overlap, then put the value sum of
 both nodes to the new value of the merged node. Otherwise, the NOT null node
 will be used as the node of new tree.
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 

data_structures/binary_tree/mirror_binary_tree.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ Given the root of a binary tree, mirror the tree, and return its root.
 
 Leetcode problem reference: https://leetcode.com/problems/mirror-binary-tree/
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from collections.abc import Iterator

data_structures/binary_tree/non_recursive_segment_tree.py

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/segment-tree-efficient-implementation/
 >>> st.query(0, 2)
 [1, 2, 3]
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from collections.abc import Callable

data_structures/binary_tree/number_of_possible_binary_trees.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ We will use the formula: t(n) = SUMMATION(i = 1 to n)t(i-1)t(n-i)
 
 Further details at Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_number
 """
+
 """
 Our Contribution:
 Basically we Create the 2 function:

data_structures/binary_tree/red_black_tree.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 psf/black : true
 ruff : passed
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from collections.abc import Iterator

data_structures/binary_tree/segment_tree_other.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ Segment_tree creates a segment tree with a given array and function,
 allowing queries to be done later in log(N) time
 function takes 2 values and returns a same type value
 """
+
 from collections.abc import Sequence
 from queue import Queue
 

data_structures/binary_tree/symmetric_tree.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ Given the root of a binary tree, check whether it is a mirror of itself
 
 Leetcode reference: https://leetcode.com/problems/symmetric-tree/
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass

data_structures/binary_tree/wavelet_tree.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ such as the with segment trees or fenwick trees. You can read more about them he
 2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4aSv9PcecDw&t=811s
 3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CybAgVF-MMc&t=1178s
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 test_array = [2, 1, 4, 5, 6, 0, 8, 9, 1, 2, 0, 6, 4, 2, 0, 6, 5, 3, 2, 7]

data_structures/disjoint_set/disjoint_set.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """
-    Disjoint set.
+Disjoint set.
-    Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjoint-set_data_structure
+Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjoint-set_data_structure
 """
 
 

data_structures/hashing/bloom_filter.py

@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ The probability decreases with the number of bits in the bitarray.
 >>> bloom.bitstring
 '01100101'
 """
+
 from hashlib import md5, sha256
 
 HASH_FUNCTIONS = (sha256, md5)

data_structures/hashing/double_hash.py

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ Where hash1() and hash2() are hash functions and TABLE_SIZE is size of hash tabl
 
 Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_hashing
 """
+
 from .hash_table import HashTable
 from .number_theory.prime_numbers import is_prime, next_prime
 

data_structures/hashing/hash_map.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ Another hash map implementation, with a good explanation.
 Modern Dictionaries by Raymond Hettinger
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p33CVV29OG8
 """
+
 from collections.abc import Iterator, MutableMapping
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import Generic, TypeVar

data_structures/hashing/number_theory/prime_numbers.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 """
-    module to operations with prime numbers
+module to operations with prime numbers
 """
 
 import math

data_structures/linked_list/__init__.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ Nodes contain data and also may link to other nodes:
                  head node gives us access of the complete list
     - Last node: points to null
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import Any

data_structures/linked_list/merge_two_lists.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """
 Algorithm that merges two sorted linked lists into one sorted linked list.
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator

data_structures/linked_list/skip_list.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 Based on "Skip Lists: A Probabilistic Alternative to Balanced Trees" by William Pugh
 https://epaperpress.com/sortsearch/download/skiplist.pdf
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from random import random

data_structures/queue/double_ended_queue.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """
 Implementation of double ended queue.
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from collections.abc import Iterable

data_structures/queue/linked_queue.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-""" A Queue using a linked list like structure """
+"""A Queue using a linked list like structure"""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from collections.abc import Iterator

data_structures/queue/queue_on_pseudo_stack.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Queue represented by a pseudo stack (represented by a list with pop and append)"""
+
 from typing import Any
 
 

data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ RULE 5: When the entire infix expression has been scanned, the value left on
 
 NOTE:   It only works with whole numbers.
 """
+
 __author__ = "Alexander Joslin"
 
 import operator as op

data_structures/stacks/stack_with_singly_linked_list.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-""" A Stack using a linked list like structure """
+"""A Stack using a linked list like structure"""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from collections.abc import Iterator

digital_image_processing/convert_to_negative.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """
-    Implemented an algorithm using opencv to convert a colored image into its negative
+Implemented an algorithm using opencv to convert a colored image into its negative
 """
+
 from cv2 import destroyAllWindows, imread, imshow, waitKey
 
 

digital_image_processing/dithering/burkes.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """
 Implementation Burke's algorithm (dithering)
 """
+
 import numpy as np
 from cv2 import destroyAllWindows, imread, imshow, waitKey
 

digital_image_processing/filters/bilateral_filter.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ Inputs:
 Output:
     img:A 2d zero padded image with values in between 0 and 1
 """
+
 import math
 import sys
 

digital_image_processing/filters/gaussian_filter.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """
 Implementation of gaussian filter algorithm
 """
+
 from itertools import product
 
 from cv2 import COLOR_BGR2GRAY, cvtColor, imread, imshow, waitKey

digital_image_processing/filters/median_filter.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """
 Implementation of median filter algorithm
 """
+
 from cv2 import COLOR_BGR2GRAY, cvtColor, imread, imshow, waitKey
 from numpy import divide, int8, multiply, ravel, sort, zeros_like
 

digital_image_processing/histogram_equalization/histogram_stretch.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ Created on Fri Sep 28 15:22:29 2018
 
 @author: Binish125
 """
+
 import copy
 import os
 

digital_image_processing/resize/resize.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-""" Multiple image resizing techniques """
+"""Multiple image resizing techniques"""
+
 import numpy as np
 from cv2 import destroyAllWindows, imread, imshow, waitKey
 

digital_image_processing/sepia.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """
-    Implemented an algorithm using opencv to tone an image with sepia technique
+Implemented an algorithm using opencv to tone an image with sepia technique
 """
+
 from cv2 import destroyAllWindows, imread, imshow, waitKey
 
 

digital_image_processing/test_digital_image_processing.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """
 PyTest's for Digital Image Processing
 """
+
 import numpy as np
 from cv2 import COLOR_BGR2GRAY, cvtColor, imread
 from numpy import array, uint8

divide_and_conquer/convex_hull.py

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ There are other several other algorithms for the convex hull problem
 which have not been implemented here, yet.
 
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from collections.abc import Iterable

divide_and_conquer/kth_order_statistic.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ This is a divide and conquer algorithm that can find a solution in O(n) time.
 For more information of this algorithm:
 https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/cs/cs161/cs161.1138/lectures/08/Small08.pdf
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from random import choice

divide_and_conquer/max_subarray.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ maximum sum within a given array of numbers. For example, given the array
 
 This divide-and-conquer algorithm finds the maximum subarray in O(n log n) time.
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import time

divide_and_conquer/peak.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ to find the maximum of the array.
 (From Kleinberg and Tardos. Algorithm Design.
 Addison Wesley 2006: Chapter 5 Solved Exercise 1)
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 

dynamic_programming/all_construct.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 Program to list all the ways a target string can be
 constructed from the given list of substrings
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 

dynamic_programming/bitmask.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ We have N tasks and M people. Each person in M can do only certain of these task
 a person can do only one task and a task is performed only by one person.
 Find the total no of ways in which the tasks can be distributed.
 """
+
 from collections import defaultdict
 
 

dynamic_programming/fast_fibonacci.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 This program calculates the nth Fibonacci number in O(log(n)).
 It's possible to calculate F(1_000_000) in less than a second.
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import sys

dynamic_programming/iterating_through_submasks.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ You are given a bitmask m and you want to efficiently iterate through all of
 its submasks. The mask s is submask of m if only bits that were included in
 bitmask are set
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 

dynamic_programming/longest_increasing_subsequence.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ return it.
 Example: [10, 22, 9, 33, 21, 50, 41, 60, 80] as input will return
          [10, 22, 33, 41, 60, 80] as output
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 

dynamic_programming/matrix_chain_multiplication.py

@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ Example input:
 arr = [40, 20, 30, 10, 30]
 output: 26000
 """
+
 from collections.abc import Iterator
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from functools import cache

dynamic_programming/max_subarray_sum.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ subarray sum problem in O(n) time and O(1) space.
 
 Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_subarray_problem
 """
+
 from collections.abc import Sequence
 
 

electronics/charging_capacitor.py

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ represented as τ (tau).  By using this RC-timeconstant we can find the voltage
 time 't' from the initiation of charging a capacitor with the help of the exponential
 function containing RC.  Both at charging and discharging of a capacitor.
 """
+
 from math import exp  # value of exp = 2.718281828459…
 
 

electronics/charging_inductor.py

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ when inductor is connected across 'AC' potential source. It starts to store the
 in its 'magnetic field'.with the help 'RL-time-constant' we can find current at any time
 in inductor while it is charging.
 """
+
 from math import exp  # value of exp = 2.718281828459…
 
 

electronics/resistor_color_code.py

@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ Sources :
     https://learn.parallax.com/support/reference/resistor-color-codes
     https://byjus.com/physics/resistor-colour-codes/
 """
+
 valid_colors: list = [
     "Black",
     "Brown",

financial/exponential_moving_average.py

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 """
-    Calculate the exponential moving average (EMA) on the series of stock prices.
+Calculate the exponential moving average (EMA) on the series of stock prices.
-    Wikipedia Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_smoothing
+Wikipedia Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_smoothing
-    https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/ema.asp#toc-what-is-an-exponential
+https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/ema.asp#toc-what-is-an-exponential
-    -moving-average-ema
+-moving-average-ema
 
-    Exponential moving average is used in finance to analyze changes stock prices.
+Exponential moving average is used in finance to analyze changes stock prices.
-    EMA is used in conjunction with Simple moving average (SMA), EMA reacts to the
+EMA is used in conjunction with Simple moving average (SMA), EMA reacts to the
-    changes in the value quicker than SMA, which is one of the advantages of using EMA.
+changes in the value quicker than SMA, which is one of the advantages of using EMA.
 """
 
 from collections.abc import Iterator

financial/simple_moving_average.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ and identify trends.
 
 Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_average
 """
+
 from collections.abc import Sequence
 
 

fractals/koch_snowflake.py

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ Requirements (pip):
     - numpy
 """
 
-
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt  # type: ignore

fractals/mandelbrot.py

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ the boundary of the Mandelbrot set a fractal curve.
 (see also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotting_algorithms_for_the_Mandelbrot_set )
 """
 
-
 import colorsys
 
 from PIL import Image  # type: ignore

fractals/sierpinski_triangle.py

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ Credits:
     This code was written by editing the code from
     https://www.riannetrujillo.com/blog/python-fractal/
 """
+
 import sys
 import turtle
 

graphs/bi_directional_dijkstra.py

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ Reference: shorturl.at/exHM7
 
 # Author: Swayam Singh (https://github.com/practice404)
 
-
 from queue import PriorityQueue
 from typing import Any
 

graphs/bidirectional_a_star.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidirectional_search
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import time

graphs/bidirectional_breadth_first_search.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidirectional_search
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import time

graphs/boruvka.py

@@ -1,29 +1,30 @@
 """Borůvka's algorithm.
 
-    Determines the minimum spanning tree (MST) of a graph using the Borůvka's algorithm.
+Determines the minimum spanning tree (MST) of a graph using the Borůvka's algorithm.
-    Borůvka's algorithm is a greedy algorithm for finding a minimum spanning tree in a
+Borůvka's algorithm is a greedy algorithm for finding a minimum spanning tree in a
-    connected graph, or a minimum spanning forest if a graph that is not connected.
+connected graph, or a minimum spanning forest if a graph that is not connected.
 
-    The time complexity of this algorithm is O(ELogV), where E represents the number
+The time complexity of this algorithm is O(ELogV), where E represents the number
-    of edges, while V represents the number of nodes.
+of edges, while V represents the number of nodes.
-    O(number_of_edges Log number_of_nodes)
+O(number_of_edges Log number_of_nodes)
 
-    The space complexity of this algorithm is O(V + E), since we have to keep a couple
+The space complexity of this algorithm is O(V + E), since we have to keep a couple
-    of lists whose sizes are equal to the number of nodes, as well as keep all the
+of lists whose sizes are equal to the number of nodes, as well as keep all the
-    edges of a graph inside of the data structure itself.
+edges of a graph inside of the data structure itself.
 
-    Borůvka's algorithm gives us pretty much the same result as other MST Algorithms -
+Borůvka's algorithm gives us pretty much the same result as other MST Algorithms -
-    they all find the minimum spanning tree, and the time complexity is approximately
+they all find the minimum spanning tree, and the time complexity is approximately
-    the same.
+the same.
 
-    One advantage that Borůvka's algorithm has compared to the alternatives is that it
+One advantage that Borůvka's algorithm has compared to the alternatives is that it
-    doesn't need to presort the edges or maintain a priority queue in order to find the
+doesn't need to presort the edges or maintain a priority queue in order to find the
-    minimum spanning tree.
+minimum spanning tree.
-    Even though that doesn't help its complexity, since it still passes the edges logE
+Even though that doesn't help its complexity, since it still passes the edges logE
-    times, it is a bit simpler to code.
+times, it is a bit simpler to code.
 
-    Details: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C5%AFvka%27s_algorithm
+Details: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C5%AFvka%27s_algorithm
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import Any

graphs/breadth_first_search.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/python
 
-""" Author: OMKAR PATHAK """
+"""Author: OMKAR PATHAK"""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from queue import Queue