Capacitor equivalence algorithm (#9814)

* capacitor equivalence algorithm

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* Update capacitor_equivalence.py

---------

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Tianyi Zheng <tianyizheng02@gmail.com>

electronics/capacitor_equivalence.py

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# https://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/316/lectures/node46.html
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+
+def capacitor_parallel(capacitors: list[float]) -> float:
+    """
+    Ceq = C1 + C2 + ... + Cn
+    Calculate the equivalent resistance for any number of capacitors in parallel.
+    >>> capacitor_parallel([5.71389, 12, 3])
+    20.71389
+    >>> capacitor_parallel([5.71389, 12, -3])
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    ValueError: Capacitor at index 2 has a negative value!
+    """
+    sum_c = 0.0
+    for index, capacitor in enumerate(capacitors):
+        if capacitor < 0:
+            msg = f"Capacitor at index {index} has a negative value!"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        sum_c += capacitor
+    return sum_c
+
+
+def capacitor_series(capacitors: list[float]) -> float:
+    """
+    Ceq = 1/ (1/C1 + 1/C2 + ... + 1/Cn)
+    >>> capacitor_series([5.71389, 12, 3])
+    1.6901062252507735
+    >>> capacitor_series([5.71389, 12, -3])
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    ValueError: Capacitor at index 2 has a negative or zero value!
+    >>> capacitor_series([5.71389, 12, 0.000])
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    ValueError: Capacitor at index 2 has a negative or zero value!
+    """
+
+    first_sum = 0.0
+    for index, capacitor in enumerate(capacitors):
+        if capacitor <= 0:
+            msg = f"Capacitor at index {index} has a negative or zero value!"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        first_sum += 1 / capacitor
+    return 1 / first_sum
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import doctest
+
+    doctest.testmod()