Python/maths/fibonacci.py

# fibonacci.py
"""
Calculates the Fibonacci sequence using iteration, recursion, memoization,
and a simplified form of Binet's formula

NOTE 1: the iterative, recursive, memoization functions are more accurate than
the Binet's formula function because the Binet formula function  uses floats

NOTE 2: the Binet's formula function is much more limited in the size of inputs
that it can handle due to the size limitations of Python floats

RESULTS: (n = 20)
fib_iterative runtime: 0.0055 ms
fib_recursive runtime: 6.5627 ms
fib_memoization runtime: 0.0107 ms
fib_binet runtime: 0.0174 ms
"""

from functools import lru_cache
from math import sqrt
from time import time


def time_func(func, *args, **kwargs):
    """
    Times the execution of a function with parameters
    """
    start = time()
    output = func(*args, **kwargs)
    end = time()
    if int(end - start) > 0:
        print(f"{func.__name__} runtime: {(end - start):0.4f} s")
    else:
        print(f"{func.__name__} runtime: {(end - start) * 1000:0.4f} ms")
    return output


def fib_iterative(n: int) -> list[int]:
    """
    Calculates the first n (0-indexed) Fibonacci numbers using iteration
    >>> fib_iterative(0)
    [0]
    >>> fib_iterative(1)
    [0, 1]
    >>> fib_iterative(5)
    [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5]
    >>> fib_iterative(10)
    [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]
    >>> fib_iterative(-1)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    Exception: n is negative
    """
    if n < 0:
        raise Exception("n is negative")
    if n == 0:
        return [0]
    fib = [0, 1]
    for _ in range(n - 1):
        fib.append(fib[-1] + fib[-2])
    return fib


def fib_recursive(n: int) -> list[int]:
    """
    Calculates the first n (0-indexed) Fibonacci numbers using recursion
    >>> fib_iterative(0)
    [0]
    >>> fib_iterative(1)
    [0, 1]
    >>> fib_iterative(5)
    [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5]
    >>> fib_iterative(10)
    [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]
    >>> fib_iterative(-1)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    Exception: n is negative
    """

    def fib_recursive_term(i: int) -> int:
        """
        Calculates the i-th (0-indexed) Fibonacci number using recursion
        """
        if i < 0:
            raise Exception("n is negative")
        if i < 2:
            return i
        return fib_recursive_term(i - 1) + fib_recursive_term(i - 2)

    if n < 0:
        raise Exception("n is negative")
    return [fib_recursive_term(i) for i in range(n + 1)]


def fib_recursive_cached(n: int) -> list[int]:
    """
    Calculates the first n (0-indexed) Fibonacci numbers using recursion
    >>> fib_iterative(0)
    [0]
    >>> fib_iterative(1)
    [0, 1]
    >>> fib_iterative(5)
    [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5]
    >>> fib_iterative(10)
    [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]
    >>> fib_iterative(-1)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    Exception: n is negative
    """

    @lru_cache(maxsize=None)
    def fib_recursive_term(i: int) -> int:
        """
        Calculates the i-th (0-indexed) Fibonacci number using recursion
        """
        if i < 0:
            raise Exception("n is negative")
        if i < 2:
            return i
        return fib_recursive_term(i - 1) + fib_recursive_term(i - 2)

    if n < 0:
        raise Exception("n is negative")
    return [fib_recursive_term(i) for i in range(n + 1)]


def fib_memoization(n: int) -> list[int]:
    """
    Calculates the first n (0-indexed) Fibonacci numbers using memoization
    >>> fib_memoization(0)
    [0]
    >>> fib_memoization(1)
    [0, 1]
    >>> fib_memoization(5)
    [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5]
    >>> fib_memoization(10)
    [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]
    >>> fib_iterative(-1)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    Exception: n is negative
    """
    if n < 0:
        raise Exception("n is negative")
    # Cache must be outside recursuive function
    # other it will reset every time it calls itself.
    cache: dict[int, int] = {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 1}  # Prefilled cache

    def rec_fn_memoized(num: int) -> int:
        if num in cache:
            return cache[num]

        value = rec_fn_memoized(num - 1) + rec_fn_memoized(num - 2)
        cache[num] = value
        return value

    return [rec_fn_memoized(i) for i in range(n + 1)]


def fib_binet(n: int) -> list[int]:
    """
    Calculates the first n (0-indexed) Fibonacci numbers using a simplified form
    of Binet's formula:
    https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_number#Computation_by_rounding

    NOTE 1: this function diverges from fib_iterative at around n = 71, likely
    due to compounding floating-point arithmetic errors

    NOTE 2: this function doesn't accept n >= 1475 because it overflows
    thereafter due to the size limitations of Python floats
    >>> fib_binet(0)
    [0]
    >>> fib_binet(1)
    [0, 1]
    >>> fib_binet(5)
    [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5]
    >>> fib_binet(10)
    [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]
    >>> fib_binet(-1)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    Exception: n is negative
    >>> fib_binet(1475)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    Exception: n is too large
    """
    if n < 0:
        raise Exception("n is negative")
    if n >= 1475:
        raise Exception("n is too large")
    sqrt_5 = sqrt(5)
    phi = (1 + sqrt_5) / 2
    return [round(phi**i / sqrt_5) for i in range(n + 1)]


if __name__ == "__main__":
    num = 30
    time_func(fib_iterative, num)
    time_func(fib_recursive, num)  # Around 3s runtime
    time_func(fib_recursive_cached, num)  # Around 0ms runtime
    time_func(fib_memoization, num)
    time_func(fib_binet, num)