Python/data_structures/trie/radix_tree.py

"""
A Radix Tree is a data structure that represents a space-optimized
trie (prefix tree) in whicheach node that is the only child is merged
with its parent [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radix_tree]
"""


class RadixNode:
    def __init__(self, prefix: str = "", is_leaf: bool = False) -> None:
        # Mapping from the first character of the prefix of the node
        self.nodes: dict[str, RadixNode] = {}

        # A node will be a leaf if the tree contains its word
        self.is_leaf = is_leaf

        self.prefix = prefix

    def match(self, word: str) -> tuple[str, str, str]:
        """Compute the common substring of the prefix of the node and a word

        Args:
            word (str): word to compare

        Returns:
            (str, str, str): common substring, remaining prefix, remaining word

        >>> RadixNode("myprefix").match("mystring")
        ('my', 'prefix', 'string')
        """
        x = 0
        for q, w in zip(self.prefix, word):
            if q != w:
                break

            x += 1

        return self.prefix[:x], self.prefix[x:], word[x:]

    def insert_many(self, words: list[str]) -> None:
        """Insert many words in the tree

        Args:
            words (list[str]): list of words

        >>> RadixNode("myprefix").insert_many(["mystring", "hello"])
        """
        for word in words:
            self.insert(word)

    def insert(self, word: str) -> None:
        """Insert a word into the tree

        Args:
            word (str): word to insert

        >>> RadixNode("myprefix").insert("mystring")

        >>> root = RadixNode()
        >>> root.insert_many(['myprefix', 'myprefixA', 'myprefixAA'])
        >>> root.print_tree()
        - myprefix   (leaf)
        -- A   (leaf)
        --- A   (leaf)
        """
        # Case 1: If the word is the prefix of the node
        # Solution: We set the current node as leaf
        if self.prefix == word and not self.is_leaf:
            self.is_leaf = True

        # Case 2: The node has no edges that have a prefix to the word
        # Solution: We create an edge from the current node to a new one
        # containing the word
        elif word[0] not in self.nodes:
            self.nodes[word[0]] = RadixNode(prefix=word, is_leaf=True)

        else:
            incoming_node = self.nodes[word[0]]
            matching_string, remaining_prefix, remaining_word = incoming_node.match(
                word
            )

            # Case 3: The node prefix is equal to the matching
            # Solution: We insert remaining word on the next node
            if remaining_prefix == "":
                self.nodes[matching_string[0]].insert(remaining_word)

            # Case 4: The word is greater equal to the matching
            # Solution: Create a node in between both nodes, change
            # prefixes and add the new node for the remaining word
            else:
                incoming_node.prefix = remaining_prefix

                aux_node = self.nodes[matching_string[0]]
                self.nodes[matching_string[0]] = RadixNode(matching_string, False)
                self.nodes[matching_string[0]].nodes[remaining_prefix[0]] = aux_node

                if remaining_word == "":
                    self.nodes[matching_string[0]].is_leaf = True
                else:
                    self.nodes[matching_string[0]].insert(remaining_word)

    def find(self, word: str) -> bool:
        """Returns if the word is on the tree

        Args:
            word (str): word to check

        Returns:
            bool: True if the word appears on the tree

        >>> RadixNode("myprefix").find("mystring")
        False
        """
        incoming_node = self.nodes.get(word[0], None)
        if not incoming_node:
            return False
        else:
            matching_string, remaining_prefix, remaining_word = incoming_node.match(
                word
            )
            # If there is remaining prefix, the word can't be on the tree
            if remaining_prefix != "":
                return False
            # This applies when the word and the prefix are equal
            elif remaining_word == "":
                return incoming_node.is_leaf
            # We have word remaining so we check the next node
            else:
                return incoming_node.find(remaining_word)

    def delete(self, word: str) -> bool:
        """Deletes a word from the tree if it exists

        Args:
            word (str): word to be deleted

        Returns:
            bool: True if the word was found and deleted. False if word is not found

        >>> RadixNode("myprefix").delete("mystring")
        False
        """
        incoming_node = self.nodes.get(word[0], None)
        if not incoming_node:
            return False
        else:
            matching_string, remaining_prefix, remaining_word = incoming_node.match(
                word
            )
            # If there is remaining prefix, the word can't be on the tree
            if remaining_prefix != "":
                return False
            # We have word remaining so we check the next node
            elif remaining_word != "":
                return incoming_node.delete(remaining_word)
            # If it is not a leaf, we don't have to delete
            elif not incoming_node.is_leaf:
                return False
            else:
                # We delete the nodes if no edges go from it
                if len(incoming_node.nodes) == 0:
                    del self.nodes[word[0]]
                    # We merge the current node with its only child
                    if len(self.nodes) == 1 and not self.is_leaf:
                        merging_node = next(iter(self.nodes.values()))
                        self.is_leaf = merging_node.is_leaf
                        self.prefix += merging_node.prefix
                        self.nodes = merging_node.nodes
                # If there is more than 1 edge, we just mark it as non-leaf
                elif len(incoming_node.nodes) > 1:
                    incoming_node.is_leaf = False
                # If there is 1 edge, we merge it with its child
                else:
                    merging_node = next(iter(incoming_node.nodes.values()))
                    incoming_node.is_leaf = merging_node.is_leaf
                    incoming_node.prefix += merging_node.prefix
                    incoming_node.nodes = merging_node.nodes

                return True

    def print_tree(self, height: int = 0) -> None:
        """Print the tree

        Args:
            height (int, optional): Height of the printed node
        """
        if self.prefix != "":
            print("-" * height, self.prefix, "  (leaf)" if self.is_leaf else "")

        for value in self.nodes.values():
            value.print_tree(height + 1)


def test_trie() -> bool:
    words = "banana bananas bandana band apple all beast".split()
    root = RadixNode()
    root.insert_many(words)

    assert all(root.find(word) for word in words)
    assert not root.find("bandanas")
    assert not root.find("apps")
    root.delete("all")
    assert not root.find("all")
    root.delete("banana")
    assert not root.find("banana")
    assert root.find("bananas")

    return True


def pytests() -> None:
    assert test_trie()


def main() -> None:
    """
    >>> pytests()
    """
    root = RadixNode()
    words = "banana bananas bandanas bandana band apple all beast".split()
    root.insert_many(words)

    print("Words:", words)
    print("Tree:")
    root.print_tree()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()