python_reference/tutorials/awesome_things_ipynb.ipynb

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 "worksheets": [
  {
   "cells": [
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "[Sebastian Raschka](http://sebastianraschka.com)  \n",
      "\n",
      "- [Open in IPython nbviewer](http://nbviewer.ipython.org/github/rasbt/python_reference/blob/master/tutorials/awesome_things_ipynb?create=1) \n",
      "\n",
      "- [Link to this IPython notebook on Github](https://github.com/rasbt/python_reference/blob/master/tutorials/awesome_things_ipynb.ipynb)  \n",
      "\n",
      "- [Link to the GitHub Repository python_reference](https://github.com/rasbt/python_reference/)"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import time\n",
      "import platform\n",
      "print('Last updated: %s' %time.strftime('%d/%m/%Y'))\n",
      "print('Created using Python', platform.python_version())"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Last updated: 27/06/2014\n",
        "Created using Python 3.4.1\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 37
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "<hr>\n",
      "I would be happy to hear your comments and suggestions.  \n",
      "Please feel free to drop me a note via\n",
      "[twitter](https://twitter.com/rasbt), [email](mailto:bluewoodtree@gmail.com), or [google+](https://plus.google.com/+SebastianRaschka).\n",
      "<hr>"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Awesome things that you can do in IPython Notebooks (in progress)"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "<br>\n",
      "<br>"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Writing local files"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%%file hello.py\n",
      "def func_inside_script(x, y):\n",
      "    return x + y\n",
      "print('Hello World')"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Writing hello.py\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 13
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "<br>\n",
      "<br>"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Running Python scripts"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "We can run Python scripts in IPython via the %run magic command. For example, the Python script that we created in the [Writing local files](#Writing-local-files) section."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%run hello.py"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Hello World\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 14
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "func_inside_script(1, 2)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 16,
       "text": [
        "3"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 16
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "<br>\n",
      "<br>"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Benchmarking"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%timeit [x**2 for x in range(100)] "
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "10000 loops, best of 3: 38.8 \u00b5s per loop\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 4
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%timeit -r 5 -n 100 [x**2 for x in range(100)] "
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "100 loops, best of 5: 39 \u00b5s per loop\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 3
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "<br>\n",
      "<br>"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Using system shell commands"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "By prepending a \"`!`\" we can conveniently execute most of the system shell commands, below are just a few examples."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "my_dir = 'new_dir'\n",
      "!mkdir $my_dir\n",
      "!pwd\n",
      "!touch $my_dir'/some.txt'\n",
      "!ls -l './new_dir'\n",
      "!ls -l $my_dir | wc -l"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "/Users/sebastian/Desktop\r\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "total 0\r\n",
        "-rw-r--r--  1 sebastian  staff  0 Jun 27 10:11 some.txt\r\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "       2\r\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 12
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "<br>\n",
      "<br>"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Debugging"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%debug \n",
      "def some_func():\n",
      "    var = 'hello world'\n",
      "    for i in range(5):\n",
      "        print(i)\n",
      "    i / 0\n",
      "    return 'finished'"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "> \u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-1-3d5f00f75cf4>\u001b[0m(5)\u001b[0;36msome_func\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n",
        "\u001b[0;32m      4 \u001b[0;31m        \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mi\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
        "\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m----> 5 \u001b[0;31m    \u001b[0mi\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m/\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
        "\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m      6 \u001b[0;31m    \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'finished'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
        "\u001b[0m\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "ipdb> var\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "'hello world'\n"
       ]
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "<br>\n",
      "<br>"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Inline Plotting with matplotlib"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%matplotlib inline"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 33
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import numpy as np\n",
      "from matplotlib import pyplot as plt\n",
      "import math\n",
      "\n",
      "def pdf(x, mu=0, sigma=1):\n",
      "    \"\"\"Calculates the normal distribution's probability density \n",
      "        function (PDF).  \n",
      "        \n",
      "    \"\"\"\n",
      "    term1 = 1.0 / ( math.sqrt(2*np.pi) * sigma )\n",
      "    term2 = np.exp( -0.5 * ( (x-mu)/sigma )**2 )\n",
      "    return term1 * term2\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "x = np.arange(0, 100, 0.05)\n",
      "\n",
      "pdf1 = pdf(x, mu=5, sigma=2.5**0.5)\n",
      "pdf2 = pdf(x, mu=10, sigma=6**0.5)\n",
      "\n",
      "plt.plot(x, pdf1)\n",
      "plt.plot(x, pdf2)\n",
      "plt.title('Probability Density Functions')\n",
      "plt.ylabel('p(x)')\n",
      "plt.xlabel('random variable x')\n",
      "plt.legend(['pdf1 ~ N($\\mu=5$, $\\sigma=2.5$)', 'pdf2 ~ N($\\mu=10$, $\\sigma=6$)'], loc='upper right')\n",
      "plt.ylim([0,0.5])\n",
      "plt.xlim([0,20])\n",
      "\n",
      "plt.show()"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "display_data",
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QJUdSUpJSrVo1JSUlRZX1P9OgQQPl1KlT2XrNy7672f1OG62FYGlpSUhICAEB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\nnumcvH2Sz/0/p4dXj9cerlpta9fqBh1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/P69evcJxHNLptJcnEomwaNGinLK+fftGNBrl\nyZMn5OXl8fLlSy+trKyMoqIi4PvIvqenh7q6OuD7lNrdu3d59OgRpaWlAIyOjrJ06dKcOmpqakgk\nEkSjUZ4+ffrT79/MbBYQzB/F7/d7267r0tzcTG9vLwsXLqShoYGxsTEvfc6cOQDk5eVNufhqmqkV\nx3GmHJfkzcVPlAPg8/mYPXu2tz253AkFBQUsWbKEvr4+EokEly5dAuD06dNUV1eTTCZ5/fo1VVVV\nXp558+ZN299YLMayZcu4evUqmUyG/Pz8KW2e3F6fL3eG98CBA5w7d27asidks1meP3+O3+9neHiY\ngoKCn37ezFz2DMH8sVKpFH6/nwULFvD+/Xs6Ozv/MU9lZSU3btwAoLOzk48fP+I4DhUVFXR0dDA6\nOsrXr1/p6OigoqLiXz+43rNnD+fPnyeVSnl3LKlUyrvYtra2/nIfJ0b1bW1tZDIZL+3hw4cMDg6S\nzWaJx+OUl5d7aY7jUF1dTXt7Ox8+fAC+L6j+5s2bnDpisRiBQIDr16/T0NAwbZAzBiwgmD/M5FFx\nKBQiHA5TXFzMvn37plwQf8wzka+xsZH79+8TDAZJJpMUFhYCEA6HOXjwIGVlZWzatIkjR44QCoVy\n6vxx/+9+0bN7927i8Tj19fXesZMnT3Lq1ClKSkrIZDJe3ulWqprYP378OFeuXGHdunUMDAwwf/58\nL33Dhg1Eo1HWrFnDypUr2bVr15S8q1evpqmpiUgkQigUIhKJeIuhTBgYGKClpYXm5mbKy8uprKyk\nqalp2j4ZY6+/NsYYA9gdgjHGmHEWEIwxxgAWEIwxxoyzgGCMMQawgGCMMWacBQRjjDGABQRjjDHj\nLCAYY4wB4C+6RXPdrA827gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n",
       "text": [
        "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x107e67080>"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 36
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "<br>\n",
      "<br>"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "C-extensions via the Cython magic"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Cython (see [Cython's C-extensions for Python](http://cython.org)) is basically a hybrid between C and Python and can be pictured as compiled Python code with type declarations.\n",
      "Since we are working in an IPython notebook here, we can make use of the very convenient IPython magic: It will take care of the conversion to C code, the compilation, and eventually the loading of the function.\n",
      "Also, we are adding C type declarations; those type declarations are not necessary for using Cython, however, it will improve the performance of our code significantly."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%load_ext cythonmagic"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 29
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%%cython\n",
      "import numpy as np\n",
      "cimport numpy as np\n",
      "cimport cython\n",
      "@cython.boundscheck(False) \n",
      "@cython.wraparound(False)\n",
      "@cython.cdivision(True)\n",
      "cpdef cython_lstsqr(x_ary, y_ary):\n",
      "    \"\"\" Computes the least-squares solution to a linear matrix equation. \"\"\"\n",
      "    cdef double x_avg, y_avg, var_x, cov_xy,\\\n",
      "         slope, y_interc, temp\n",
      "    cdef double[:] x = x_ary # memoryview\n",
      "    cdef double[:] y = y_ary\n",
      "    cdef unsigned long N, i\n",
      "    \n",
      "    N = x.shape[0]\n",
      "    x_avg = 0\n",
      "    y_avg = 0\n",
      "    for i in range(N):\n",
      "        x_avg += x[i]\n",
      "        y_avg += y[i]\n",
      "    x_avg = x_avg/N\n",
      "    y_avg = y_avg/N\n",
      "    var_x = 0\n",
      "    cov_xy = 0\n",
      "    for i in range(N):\n",
      "        temp = (x[i] - x_avg)\n",
      "        var_x += temp**2\n",
      "        cov_xy += temp*(y[i] - y_avg)\n",
      "    slope = cov_xy / var_x\n",
      "    y_interc = y_avg - slope*x_avg\n",
      "    return (slope, y_interc)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "building '_cython_magic_cf6c91cb1e11de8d2dbe7d9178e469df' extension\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "C compiler: /usr/bin/clang -fno-strict-aliasing -Werror=declaration-after-statement -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -I/Users/sebastian/miniconda3/envs/py34/include -arch x86_64\n",
        "\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "compile options: '-I/Users/sebastian/miniconda3/envs/py34/lib/python3.4/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/Users/sebastian/miniconda3/envs/py34/include/python3.4m -c'\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "clang: /Users/sebastian/.ipython/cython/_cython_magic_cf6c91cb1e11de8d2dbe7d9178e469df.c\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "/usr/bin/clang -bundle -undefined dynamic_lookup -L/Users/sebastian/miniconda3/envs/py34/lib -arch x86_64 /Users/sebastian/.ipython/cython/Users/sebastian/.ipython/cython/_cython_magic_cf6c91cb1e11de8d2dbe7d9178e469df.o -L/Users/sebastian/miniconda3/envs/py34/lib -o /Users/sebastian/.ipython/cython/_cython_magic_cf6c91cb1e11de8d2dbe7d9178e469df.so\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 30
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import numpy as np\n",
      "\n",
      "x_ary = np.array([x_i*np.random.randint(8,12)/10 for x_i in range(100)])\n",
      "y_ary = np.array([y_i*np.random.randint(10,14)/10 for y_i in range(100)])"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 31
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "cython_lstsqr(x_ary, y_ary)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 32,
       "text": [
        "(1.1399825800539194, 2.0824398156005444)"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 32
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "<br>\n",
      "<br>"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Running Fortran Code"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "There is also a convenient IPython magic command for compiling Fortran code. The Fortran magic uses NumPy's [F2PY](http://www.f2py.com) module for compiling and running the Fortran code. For more information, please see the ['Fortran magic's documentation'](http://nbviewer.ipython.org/github/mgaitan/fortran_magic/blob/master/documentation.ipynb)."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%install_ext https://raw.github.com/mgaitan/fortran_magic/master/fortranmagic.py"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Installed fortranmagic.py. To use it, type:\n",
        "  %load_ext fortranmagic\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 17
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%load_ext fortranmagic"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "javascript": [
        "$.getScript(\"https://raw.github.com/marijnh/CodeMirror/master/mode/fortran/fortran.js\", function () {\n",
        "IPython.config.cell_magic_highlight['magic_fortran'] = {'reg':[/^%%fortran/]};});\n"
       ],
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "display_data"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 18
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%%fortran\n",
      "SUBROUTINE fortran_lstsqr(ary_x, ary_y, slope, y_interc)\n",
      "    ! Computes the least-squares solution to a linear matrix equation. \"\"\"\n",
      "    IMPLICIT NONE\n",
      "    REAL(8), INTENT(in), DIMENSION(:) :: ary_x, ary_y\n",
      "    REAL(8), INTENT(out) :: slope, y_interc\n",
      "    REAL(8) :: x_avg, y_avg, var_x, cov_xy, temp\n",
      "    INTEGER(8) :: N, i\n",
      "    \n",
      "    N = SIZE(ary_x)\n",
      "\n",
      "    x_avg = SUM(ary_x) / N\n",
      "    y_avg = SUM(ary_y) / N\n",
      "    var_x = 0\n",
      "    cov_xy = 0\n",
      "    \n",
      "    DO i = 1, N\n",
      "        temp = ary_x(i) - x_avg\n",
      "        var_x = var_x + temp**2\n",
      "        cov_xy = cov_xy + (temp*(ary_y(i) - y_avg))\n",
      "    END DO\n",
      "    \n",
      "    slope = cov_xy / var_x\n",
      "    y_interc = y_avg - slope*x_avg\n",
      "\n",
      "END SUBROUTINE fortran_lstsqr"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "\tBuilding module \"_fortran_magic_a044885f2b0c0feac78a230b6b714e2b\"...\n",
        "\t\tConstructing wrapper function \"fortran_lstsqr\"...\n",
        "\t\t  slope,y_interc = fortran_lstsqr(ary_x,ary_y)\n",
        "\tWrote C/API module \"_fortran_magic_a044885f2b0c0feac78a230b6b714e2b\" to file \"/var/folders/bq/_946cdn92t7bqzz5frpfpw7r0000gp/T/tmp3y_jxtl_/src.macosx-10.5-x86_64-3.4/_fortran_magic_a044885f2b0c0feac78a230b6b714e2bmodule.c\"\n",
        "\tFortran 77 wrappers are saved to \"/var/folders/bq/_946cdn92t7bqzz5frpfpw7r0000gp/T/tmp3y_jxtl_/src.macosx-10.5-x86_64-3.4/_fortran_magic_a044885f2b0c0feac78a230b6b714e2b-f2pywrappers.f\"\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 22
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import numpy as np\n",
      "\n",
      "x_ary = np.array([x_i*np.random.randint(8,12)/10 for x_i in range(100)])\n",
      "y_ary = np.array([y_i*np.random.randint(10,14)/10 for y_i in range(100)])"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 23
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "fortran_lstsqr(x_ary, y_ary)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 25,
       "text": [
        "(1.1313508052697814, 3.681685640167956)"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 25
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "<br>\n",
      "<br>"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Running code from other interpreters: Ruby, Perl, and Bash"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "To use any interpreter that is installed on your system:"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%%script perl\n",
      "print 'Hello, World!';"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Hello, World!"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 44
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Or use the magic command for the respective interpreter directly:"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%%perl\n",
      "print 'Hello, World!';"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Hello, World!"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 45
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%%ruby\n",
      "puts \"Hello, World!\""
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Hello, World!\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 46
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%%bash\n",
      "echo \"Hello World!\""
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Hello World!\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 47
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%%script R --no-save\n",
      "cat(\"Goodbye, World!\\n\")"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "\n",
        "R version 3.0.2 (2013-09-25) -- \"Frisbee Sailing\"\n",
        "Copyright (C) 2013 The R Foundation for Statistical Computing\n",
        "Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin10.8.0 (64-bit)\n",
        "\n",
        "R is free software and comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.\n",
        "You are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions.\n",
        "Type 'license()' or 'licence()' for distribution details.\n",
        "\n",
        "  Natural language support but running in an English locale\n",
        "\n",
        "R is a collaborative project with many contributors.\n",
        "Type 'contributors()' for more information and\n",
        "'citation()' on how to cite R or R packages in publications.\n",
        "\n",
        "Type 'demo()' for some demos, 'help()' for on-line help, or\n",
        "'help.start()' for an HTML browser interface to help.\n",
        "Type 'q()' to quit R.\n",
        "\n",
        "> cat(\"Goodbye, World!\\n\")\n",
        "Goodbye, World!\n",
        "> \n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 55
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": []
    }
   ],
   "metadata": {}
  }
 ]
}