Python/maths/polynomials/single_indeterminate_operations.py

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"""
This module implements a single indeterminate polynomials class
with some basic operations
Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from collections.abc import MutableSequence
class Polynomial:
def __init__(self, degree: int, coefficients: MutableSequence[float]) -> None:
"""
The coefficients should be in order of degree, from smallest to largest.
>>> p = Polynomial(2, [1, 2, 3])
>>> p = Polynomial(2, [1, 2, 3, 4])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: The number of coefficients should be equal to the degree + 1.
"""
if len(coefficients) != degree + 1:
raise ValueError(
"The number of coefficients should be equal to the degree + 1."
)
self.coefficients: list[float] = list(coefficients)
self.degree = degree
def __add__(self, polynomial_2: Polynomial) -> Polynomial:
"""
Polynomial addition
>>> p = Polynomial(2, [1, 2, 3])
>>> q = Polynomial(2, [1, 2, 3])
>>> p + q
6x^2 + 4x + 2
"""
if self.degree > polynomial_2.degree:
coefficients = self.coefficients[:]
for i in range(polynomial_2.degree + 1):
coefficients[i] += polynomial_2.coefficients[i]
return Polynomial(self.degree, coefficients)
else:
coefficients = polynomial_2.coefficients[:]
for i in range(self.degree + 1):
coefficients[i] += self.coefficients[i]
return Polynomial(polynomial_2.degree, coefficients)
def __sub__(self, polynomial_2: Polynomial) -> Polynomial:
"""
Polynomial subtraction
>>> p = Polynomial(2, [1, 2, 4])
>>> q = Polynomial(2, [1, 2, 3])
>>> p - q
1x^2
"""
return self + polynomial_2 * Polynomial(0, [-1])
def __neg__(self) -> Polynomial:
"""
Polynomial negation
>>> p = Polynomial(2, [1, 2, 3])
>>> -p
- 3x^2 - 2x - 1
"""
return Polynomial(self.degree, [-c for c in self.coefficients])
def __mul__(self, polynomial_2: Polynomial) -> Polynomial:
"""
Polynomial multiplication
>>> p = Polynomial(2, [1, 2, 3])
>>> q = Polynomial(2, [1, 2, 3])
>>> p * q
9x^4 + 12x^3 + 10x^2 + 4x + 1
"""
coefficients: list[float] = [0] * (self.degree + polynomial_2.degree + 1)
for i in range(self.degree + 1):
for j in range(polynomial_2.degree + 1):
coefficients[i + j] += (
self.coefficients[i] * polynomial_2.coefficients[j]
)
return Polynomial(self.degree + polynomial_2.degree, coefficients)
def evaluate(self, substitution: float) -> float:
"""
Evaluates the polynomial at x.
>>> p = Polynomial(2, [1, 2, 3])
>>> p.evaluate(2)
17
"""
result: int | float = 0
for i in range(self.degree + 1):
result += self.coefficients[i] * (substitution**i)
return result
def __str__(self) -> str:
"""
>>> p = Polynomial(2, [1, 2, 3])
>>> print(p)
3x^2 + 2x + 1
"""
polynomial = ""
for i in range(self.degree, -1, -1):
if self.coefficients[i] == 0:
continue
elif self.coefficients[i] > 0:
if polynomial:
polynomial += " + "
else:
polynomial += " - "
if i == 0:
polynomial += str(abs(self.coefficients[i]))
elif i == 1:
polynomial += str(abs(self.coefficients[i])) + "x"
else:
polynomial += str(abs(self.coefficients[i])) + "x^" + str(i)
return polynomial
def __repr__(self) -> str:
"""
>>> p = Polynomial(2, [1, 2, 3])
>>> p
3x^2 + 2x + 1
"""
return self.__str__()
def derivative(self) -> Polynomial:
"""
Returns the derivative of the polynomial.
>>> p = Polynomial(2, [1, 2, 3])
>>> p.derivative()
6x + 2
"""
coefficients: list[float] = [0] * self.degree
for i in range(self.degree):
coefficients[i] = self.coefficients[i + 1] * (i + 1)
return Polynomial(self.degree - 1, coefficients)
def integral(self, constant: float = 0) -> Polynomial:
"""
Returns the integral of the polynomial.
>>> p = Polynomial(2, [1, 2, 3])
>>> p.integral()
1.0x^3 + 1.0x^2 + 1.0x
"""
coefficients: list[float] = [0] * (self.degree + 2)
coefficients[0] = constant
for i in range(self.degree + 1):
coefficients[i + 1] = self.coefficients[i] / (i + 1)
return Polynomial(self.degree + 1, coefficients)
def __eq__(self, polynomial_2: object) -> bool:
"""
Checks if two polynomials are equal.
>>> p = Polynomial(2, [1, 2, 3])
>>> q = Polynomial(2, [1, 2, 3])
>>> p == q
True
"""
if not isinstance(polynomial_2, Polynomial):
return False
if self.degree != polynomial_2.degree:
return False
for i in range(self.degree + 1):
if self.coefficients[i] != polynomial_2.coefficients[i]:
return False
return True
def __ne__(self, polynomial_2: object) -> bool:
"""
Checks if two polynomials are not equal.
>>> p = Polynomial(2, [1, 2, 3])
>>> q = Polynomial(2, [1, 2, 3])
>>> p != q
False
"""
return not self.__eq__(polynomial_2)