Added implementation for Bezier Curve, under a new graphics directory. (#1713)

* Added bezier curve

* black formatted

* corrected spell check

* edited scipy import

* updated documentation for readablitity

* Update bezier_curve.py

* Update bezier_curve.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

graphics/bezier_curve.py

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9zier_curve
+# https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_graphics/computer_graphics_curves.htm
+
+from typing import List, Tuple
+from scipy.special import comb
+
+
+class BezierCurve:
+    """
+    Bezier curve is a weighted sum of a set of control points.
+    Generate Bezier curves from a given set of control points.
+    This implementation works only for 2d coordinates in the xy plane.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, list_of_points: List[Tuple[float, float]]):
+        """
+        list_of_points: Control points in the xy plane on which to interpolate. These
+            points control the behavior (shape) of the Bezier curve.
+        """
+        self.list_of_points = list_of_points
+        # Degree determines the flexibility of the curve.
+        # Degree = 1 will produce a straight line.
+        self.degree = len(list_of_points) - 1
+
+    def basis_function(self, t: float) -> List[float]:
+        """
+        The basis function determines the weight of each control point at time t.
+            t: time value between 0 and 1 inclusive at which to evaluate the basis of
+               the curve.
+        returns the x, y values of basis function at time t
+
+        >>> curve = BezierCurve([(1,1), (1,2)])
+        >>> curve.basis_function(0)
+        [1.0, 0.0]
+        >>> curve.basis_function(1)
+        [0.0, 1.0]
+        """
+        assert 0 <= t <= 1, "Time t must be between 0 and 1."
+        output_values: List[float] = []
+        for i in range(len(self.list_of_points)):
+            # basis function for each i
+            output_values.append(
+                comb(self.degree, i) * ((1 - t) ** (self.degree - i)) * (t ** i)
+            )
+        # the basis must sum up to 1 for it to produce a valid Bezier curve.
+        assert round(sum(output_values), 5) == 1
+        return output_values
+
+    def bezier_curve_function(self, t: float) -> Tuple[float, float]:
+        """
+        The function to produce the values of the Bezier curve at time t.
+            t: the value of time t at which to evaluate the Bezier function
+        Returns the x, y coordinates of the Bezier curve at time t.
+            The first point in the curve is when t = 0.
+            The last point in the curve is when t = 1.
+
+        >>> curve = BezierCurve([(1,1), (1,2)])
+        >>> curve.bezier_curve_function(0)
+        (1.0, 1.0)
+        >>> curve.bezier_curve_function(1)
+        (1.0, 2.0)
+        """
+
+        assert 0 <= t <= 1, "Time t must be between 0 and 1."
+
+        basis_function = self.basis_function(t)
+        x = 0.0
+        y = 0.0
+        for i in range(len(self.list_of_points)):
+            # For all points, sum up the product of i-th basis function and i-th point.
+            x += basis_function[i] * self.list_of_points[i][0]
+            y += basis_function[i] * self.list_of_points[i][1]
+        return (x, y)
+
+    def plot_curve(self, step_size: float = 0.01):
+        """
+        Plots the Bezier curve using matplotlib plotting capabilities.
+            step_size: defines the step(s) at which to evaluate the Bezier curve.
+            The smaller the step size, the finer the curve produced.
+        """
+        import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
+        to_plot_x: List[float] = []  # x coordinates of points to plot
+        to_plot_y: List[float] = []  # y coordinates of points to plot
+
+        t = 0.0
+        while t <= 1:
+            value = self.bezier_curve_function(t)
+            to_plot_x.append(value[0])
+            to_plot_y.append(value[1])
+            t += step_size
+
+        x = [i[0] for i in self.list_of_points]
+        y = [i[1] for i in self.list_of_points]
+
+        plt.plot(
+            to_plot_x,
+            to_plot_y,
+            color="blue",
+            label="Curve of Degree " + str(self.degree),
+        )
+        plt.scatter(x, y, color="red", label="Control Points")
+        plt.legend()
+        plt.show()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import doctest
+
+    doctest.testmod()
+
+    BezierCurve([(1, 2), (3, 5)]).plot_curve()  # degree 1
+    BezierCurve([(0, 0), (5, 5), (5, 0)]).plot_curve()  # degree 2
+    BezierCurve([(0, 0), (5, 5), (5, 0), (2.5, -2.5)]).plot_curve()  # degree 3