Merge branch 'TheAlgorithms:master' into master

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ repos:
     -   id: auto-walrus
 
   - repo: https://github.com/charliermarsh/ruff-pre-commit
-    rev: v0.0.263
+    rev: v0.0.267
     hooks:
       - id: ruff
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ repos:
           - tomli
 
   - repo: https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt
-    rev: "0.11.1"
+    rev: "0.11.2"
     hooks:
       - id: pyproject-fmt
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ repos:
       - id: validate-pyproject
 
   - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
-    rev: v1.2.0
+    rev: v1.3.0
     hooks:
       - id: mypy
         args:

DIRECTORY.md

@@ -294,7 +294,6 @@
   * [Mergesort](divide_and_conquer/mergesort.py)
   * [Peak](divide_and_conquer/peak.py)
   * [Power](divide_and_conquer/power.py)
-  * [Strassen Matrix Multiplication](divide_and_conquer/strassen_matrix_multiplication.py)
 
 ## Dynamic Programming
   * [Abbreviation](dynamic_programming/abbreviation.py)
@@ -632,6 +631,7 @@
   * [Radians](maths/radians.py)
   * [Radix2 Fft](maths/radix2_fft.py)
   * [Relu](maths/relu.py)
+  * [Remove Digit](maths/remove_digit.py)
   * [Runge Kutta](maths/runge_kutta.py)
   * [Segmented Sieve](maths/segmented_sieve.py)
   * Series
@@ -694,6 +694,8 @@
 
 ## Neural Network
   * [2 Hidden Layers Neural Network](neural_network/2_hidden_layers_neural_network.py)
+  * Activation Functions
+    * [Exponential Linear Unit](neural_network/activation_functions/exponential_linear_unit.py)
   * [Back Propagation Neural Network](neural_network/back_propagation_neural_network.py)
   * [Convolution Neural Network](neural_network/convolution_neural_network.py)
   * [Input Data](neural_network/input_data.py)
@@ -1080,6 +1082,7 @@
 
 ## Sorts
   * [Bead Sort](sorts/bead_sort.py)
+  * [Binary Insertion Sort](sorts/binary_insertion_sort.py)
   * [Bitonic Sort](sorts/bitonic_sort.py)
   * [Bogo Sort](sorts/bogo_sort.py)
   * [Bubble Sort](sorts/bubble_sort.py)
@@ -1170,6 +1173,7 @@
   * [Reverse Words](strings/reverse_words.py)
   * [Snake Case To Camel Pascal Case](strings/snake_case_to_camel_pascal_case.py)
   * [Split](strings/split.py)
+  * [String Switch Case](strings/string_switch_case.py)
   * [Text Justification](strings/text_justification.py)
   * [Top K Frequent Words](strings/top_k_frequent_words.py)
   * [Upper](strings/upper.py)

conversions/prefix_conversions_string.py

@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ def add_si_prefix(value: float) -> str:
     for name_prefix, value_prefix in prefixes.items():
         numerical_part = value / (10**value_prefix)
         if numerical_part > 1:
-            return f"{str(numerical_part)} {name_prefix}"
+            return f"{numerical_part!s} {name_prefix}"
     return str(value)
 
 
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ def add_binary_prefix(value: float) -> str:
     for prefix in BinaryUnit:
         numerical_part = value / (2**prefix.value)
         if numerical_part > 1:
-            return f"{str(numerical_part)} {prefix.name}"
+            return f"{numerical_part!s} {prefix.name}"
     return str(value)
 
 

conversions/rgb_hsv_conversion.py

@@ -121,8 +121,8 @@ def rgb_to_hsv(red: int, green: int, blue: int) -> list[float]:
     float_red = red / 255
     float_green = green / 255
     float_blue = blue / 255
-    value = max(max(float_red, float_green), float_blue)
-    chroma = value - min(min(float_red, float_green), float_blue)
+    value = max(float_red, float_green, float_blue)
+    chroma = value - min(float_red, float_green, float_blue)
     saturation = 0 if value == 0 else chroma / value
 
     if chroma == 0:

digital_image_processing/test_digital_image_processing.py

@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ def test_nearest_neighbour(
 
 
 def test_local_binary_pattern():
-    file_path: str = "digital_image_processing/image_data/lena.jpg"
+    file_path = "digital_image_processing/image_data/lena.jpg"
 
     # Reading the image and converting it to grayscale.
     image = imread(file_path, 0)

divide_and_conquer/strassen_matrix_multiplication.py.BROKEN

@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ def strassen(matrix1: list, matrix2: list) -> list:
     if dimension1[0] == dimension1[1] and dimension2[0] == dimension2[1]:
         return [matrix1, matrix2]
 
-    maximum = max(max(dimension1), max(dimension2))
+    maximum = max(dimension1, dimension2)
     maxim = int(math.pow(2, math.ceil(math.log2(maximum))))
     new_matrix1 = matrix1
     new_matrix2 = matrix2

dynamic_programming/fibonacci.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class Fibonacci:
         return self.sequence[:index]
 
 
-def main():
+def main() -> None:
     print(
         "Fibonacci Series Using Dynamic Programming\n",
         "Enter the index of the Fibonacci number you want to calculate ",

genetic_algorithm/basic_string.py

@@ -21,6 +21,54 @@ MUTATION_PROBABILITY = 0.4
 random.seed(random.randint(0, 1000))
 
 
+def evaluate(item: str, main_target: str) -> tuple[str, float]:
+    """
+    Evaluate how similar the item is with the target by just
+    counting each char in the right position
+    >>> evaluate("Helxo Worlx", "Hello World")
+    ('Helxo Worlx', 9.0)
+    """
+    score = len([g for position, g in enumerate(item) if g == main_target[position]])
+    return (item, float(score))
+
+
+def crossover(parent_1: str, parent_2: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    """Slice and combine two string at a random point."""
+    random_slice = random.randint(0, len(parent_1) - 1)
+    child_1 = parent_1[:random_slice] + parent_2[random_slice:]
+    child_2 = parent_2[:random_slice] + parent_1[random_slice:]
+    return (child_1, child_2)
+
+
+def mutate(child: str, genes: list[str]) -> str:
+    """Mutate a random gene of a child with another one from the list."""
+    child_list = list(child)
+    if random.uniform(0, 1) < MUTATION_PROBABILITY:
+        child_list[random.randint(0, len(child)) - 1] = random.choice(genes)
+    return "".join(child_list)
+
+
+# Select, crossover and mutate a new population.
+def select(
+    parent_1: tuple[str, float],
+    population_score: list[tuple[str, float]],
+    genes: list[str],
+) -> list[str]:
+    """Select the second parent and generate new population"""
+    pop = []
+    # Generate more children proportionally to the fitness score.
+    child_n = int(parent_1[1] * 100) + 1
+    child_n = 10 if child_n >= 10 else child_n
+    for _ in range(child_n):
+        parent_2 = population_score[random.randint(0, N_SELECTED)][0]
+
+        child_1, child_2 = crossover(parent_1[0], parent_2)
+        # Append new string to the population list.
+        pop.append(mutate(child_1, genes))
+        pop.append(mutate(child_2, genes))
+    return pop
+
+
 def basic(target: str, genes: list[str], debug: bool = True) -> tuple[int, int, str]:
     """
     Verify that the target contains no genes besides the ones inside genes variable.
@@ -70,17 +118,6 @@ def basic(target: str, genes: list[str], debug: bool = True) -> tuple[int, int,
         total_population += len(population)
 
         # Random population created. Now it's time to evaluate.
-        def evaluate(item: str, main_target: str = target) -> tuple[str, float]:
-            """
-            Evaluate how similar the item is with the target by just
-            counting each char in the right position
-            >>> evaluate("Helxo Worlx", Hello World)
-            ["Helxo Worlx", 9]
-            """
-            score = len(
-                [g for position, g in enumerate(item) if g == main_target[position]]
-            )
-            return (item, float(score))
 
         # Adding a bit of concurrency can make everything faster,
         #
@@ -94,7 +131,7 @@ def basic(target: str, genes: list[str], debug: bool = True) -> tuple[int, int,
         #
         # but with a simple algorithm like this, it will probably be slower.
         # We just need to call evaluate for every item inside the population.
-        population_score = [evaluate(item) for item in population]
+        population_score = [evaluate(item, target) for item in population]
 
         # Check if there is a matching evolution.
         population_score = sorted(population_score, key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
@@ -121,41 +158,9 @@ def basic(target: str, genes: list[str], debug: bool = True) -> tuple[int, int,
             (item, score / len(target)) for item, score in population_score
         ]
 
-        # Select, crossover and mutate a new population.
-        def select(parent_1: tuple[str, float]) -> list[str]:
-            """Select the second parent and generate new population"""
-            pop = []
-            # Generate more children proportionally to the fitness score.
-            child_n = int(parent_1[1] * 100) + 1
-            child_n = 10 if child_n >= 10 else child_n
-            for _ in range(child_n):
-                parent_2 = population_score[  # noqa: B023
-                    random.randint(0, N_SELECTED)
-                ][0]
-
-                child_1, child_2 = crossover(parent_1[0], parent_2)
-                # Append new string to the population list.
-                pop.append(mutate(child_1))
-                pop.append(mutate(child_2))
-            return pop
-
-        def crossover(parent_1: str, parent_2: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
-            """Slice and combine two string at a random point."""
-            random_slice = random.randint(0, len(parent_1) - 1)
-            child_1 = parent_1[:random_slice] + parent_2[random_slice:]
-            child_2 = parent_2[:random_slice] + parent_1[random_slice:]
-            return (child_1, child_2)
-
-        def mutate(child: str) -> str:
-            """Mutate a random gene of a child with another one from the list."""
-            child_list = list(child)
-            if random.uniform(0, 1) < MUTATION_PROBABILITY:
-                child_list[random.randint(0, len(child)) - 1] = random.choice(genes)
-            return "".join(child_list)
-
         # This is selection
         for i in range(N_SELECTED):
-            population.extend(select(population_score[int(i)]))
+            population.extend(select(population_score[int(i)], population_score, genes))
             # Check if the population has already reached the maximum value and if so,
             # break the cycle.  If this check is disabled, the algorithm will take
             # forever to compute large strings, but will also calculate small strings in

maths/euclidean_distance.py

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import typing
 from collections.abc import Iterable
-from typing import Union
 
 import numpy as np
 
-Vector = Union[Iterable[float], Iterable[int], np.ndarray]
-VectorOut = Union[np.float64, int, float]
+Vector = typing.Union[Iterable[float], Iterable[int], np.ndarray]  # noqa: UP007
+VectorOut = typing.Union[np.float64, int, float]  # noqa: UP007
 
 
 def euclidean_distance(vector_1: Vector, vector_2: Vector) -> VectorOut:

physics/horizontal_projectile_motion.py

@@ -147,6 +147,6 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     # Print results
     print()
     print("Results: ")
-    print(f"Horizontal Distance: {str(horizontal_distance(init_vel, angle))} [m]")
-    print(f"Maximum Height: {str(max_height(init_vel, angle))} [m]")
-    print(f"Total Time: {str(total_time(init_vel, angle))} [s]")
+    print(f"Horizontal Distance: {horizontal_distance(init_vel, angle)!s} [m]")
+    print(f"Maximum Height: {max_height(init_vel, angle)!s} [m]")
+    print(f"Total Time: {total_time(init_vel, angle)!s} [s]")

searches/binary_tree_traversal.py

@@ -13,11 +13,9 @@ class TreeNode:
         self.left = None
 
 
-def build_tree():
+def build_tree() -> TreeNode:
     print("\n********Press N to stop entering at any point of time********\n")
-    check = input("Enter the value of the root node: ").strip().lower() or "n"
-    if check == "n":
-        return None
+    check = input("Enter the value of the root node: ").strip().lower()
     q: queue.Queue = queue.Queue()
     tree_node = TreeNode(int(check))
     q.put(tree_node)
@@ -37,7 +35,7 @@ def build_tree():
         right_node = TreeNode(int(check))
         node_found.right = right_node
         q.put(right_node)
-    return None
+    raise
 
 
 def pre_order(node: TreeNode) -> None:
@@ -272,7 +270,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     doctest.testmod()
     print(prompt("Binary Tree Traversals"))
 
-    node = build_tree()
+    node: TreeNode = build_tree()
     print(prompt("Pre Order Traversal"))
     pre_order(node)
     print(prompt() + "\n")